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Medical Assistant > Blood Chemistry and Immunology > Flashcards

Blood Chemistry and Immunology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Blood Chemistry

A

The quaNtitative measurements of chemical substances in the blood

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2
Q

Comprehensive Metabolic Profile (CMP)

A
  • Used to detect any changes in the body biological process

- Also when the patients symptoms are vague and the provider can not provide a clinical diagnosis

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3
Q

Automated Blood Chemistry Analyzers

A
  • -Quantitatively measures the amount of chemical substances, or analyses, in the blood
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4
Q

Analyte

A

A substance that is being identified or measured in a lab test

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5
Q

Calibration

A

A mechanism use to check the precision and accuracy of a blood chemistry analyzer to determine whether the system is providing accurate results
- Frequency is determined by manufacture instructions but at least performed when new lot number of testing reagents is used

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6
Q

Controls

A
  • Used to detainee if the testing reagents are preforming properly to detect any errors in technique by the individual preforming the test
  • Should be performed when each new lot number for reagent or once a month
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7
Q

Low-level Control

A

Produce results below the reference range

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8
Q

High-level control

A

Produces results above the reference range

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9
Q

Failure of Control

A
  • Due to deterioration of the testing comments b/c of aspired or stored improperly
  • Improper environmental conditions
  • Erros in the techinque used to preform the procedure
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10
Q

Blood Glucose

A

-Body maintains constant blood glucose levels to ensure a continuous source of energy

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11
Q

Glycogen

A

Ingested glucose that is not needed for energy can be stored for later use in muscle and liver tissue. No more tissue storage then excess glycogen is converted to triglycerides a stored an adipose tissue

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12
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone recreated by the Beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin enables glucose to enter the body’s cells to be converted to energy

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13
Q

Blood Glucose Testing

A

Detects abnormalities in carbohydrates metabolism.

- Ex. prediabetes, gestational, diabetes, hypoglycemia, and liver adrenocortical dysfunction

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14
Q

Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) Test

A
  • Collecting a fasting blood sample and measuring the amount of glucose in it
  • No food or drink (except water) 12 hours before test
  • Some meds must be stoped 3 days before
  • Schedule in the morning to minimize inconveniences
  • Performed on patients with diabetes to evaluate process and to regulate treatment. Also as routine screening test to detect prediabetes and diabetes
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15
Q

FBG results

A
  • Normal: 70-99 mg/dL
  • Predibedies (also called impaired fasting glucose): 100-125 mg/dL
  • Diabetes: 126 mg/dL or above
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16
Q

Two- Hour Postprandial Blood Glucose (2-hour PPBG) Test

A
  • Used to screen for diabetes and monitor the effects of insulin dosage in patients with diabetes
  • Patients eats 100g carb meal or 100g test load glucose solution
  • Specimen is taken exactly 2 hours after consumption
  • Nondiabetic glucose levels return within 1.5 to 2 hours
  • Diabetic will have postprandial glucose level of 140 g/dL or higher
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17
Q

Oral Glucose Tolerance test (OGTT)

A
  • Used to assist in the diagnosis or prediabetes, diabetes, gestational diabetes, hypoglycemia, and live and abdrebocortial dysfunction. More thorough then BFG and 2-hour PPBG
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18
Q

OGTT Testing Requirments

A
  • Patient consumes high- carb diet of 150g of carbs per day for 3 meals before OGTT
  • Morning of the test
    • Blood test for FBG
    • After FBG they drink 75g of glucose within in a 5 minutes time frame
    • Regular blood test are taken to determine the patients ability to handle the increased amount of glucose
  • Do not smoke b/c it increase the blood glucose level and minimize activity during test
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19
Q

OGTT Side Effects

A
  • Weakness, feeling faintness, and perspiration
  • Severe hypoglycemia symptoms: headache; pale, cold, and clammy skin; irrational speech or behavior; profuse perspiration; and fainting
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20
Q

OGTT Results

A
  • Nondiabetec blood glucose level increases to a peak of 160 to 180 mg/dL ~30-60 min after glucose solution is consumed
  • Diabetes individual peaks remain high
  • Normal: 130 mg/dL
  • Prediabetes: 140-199 mg/dL
  • Diabeties:200 mg/dL or above
21
Q

Hypoglycemia

A
  • A condition where the glucose in the blood is abnormally low (FBG ^70 mg/dL). It is being removed from blood at an excessive rate or from decrease of secretion of glucose into the blood
  • Overdose of insulin can cause Addison disease, bacterial sepsis, carcinoma of the pancreas, hepatic necrosis, or hypothyroidism
22
Q

Self- Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG)

A

Helps anticipate and treat day to day or hour to hour fluctuations

23
Q

Frequency of Testing

A
  • 4 times a day: morning, before lunch, before dinner, and at bedtime
  • Factors: severity of diabetes, diet, activity level, and special conditions such as prego
  • Contionus 180 mg/dL cause damage to body organs, result in blindness, kidney disease, nerve damage, and circulation problems
24
Q

Test Results of Blood Glucose

A
  • Before Meals: 80 -120 mg/dL
  • 1-2 h after Meal: 100-180 mg/dL
  • At bedtime: 100-140 mg/dL
25
Q

Hemoglobin A1c Test (A1c test)

A
  • Provides valuable information for determining whether a diabetic patient’s blood glucose level is under control.
  • Done periodically until levels are stable then done 2x a year.
26
Q

Glycosylation

A

The process of glucose attaching to hemoglobin

27
Q

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c

A

Glucose + protein (hemoglobin) > HbA1c

- The attachment of glucose to hemoglobin is permanent for the life of the red blood cells (90-120 days)

28
Q

HbA1c Results

A
  • Without diabetes is 4% to 6%

- Recommended that it be less then 7% and anything over 8% require management

29
Q

Glucose Reagent Test Strips

A
  • Sensitive to heat, light, and moisture

- Discolored or that have darkened should not be used

30
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • White, waxy, fat like substance (piped) that is essential for the body’s normal function
31
Q

High Blood Cholesterol

A
  • Excessive amounts of cholesterol is present in the blood.

- May cause fatty deposits, plaque, to build up on the walls of the arteries, a condition call atherosclerosis

32
Q

Lipoprotein

A

A complex molecule that cholesterol is transported in the blood. There is HDL and LDL

33
Q

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

A
  • “Bad” cholesterol because in excess amounts of it in the blood can cause plaque to build up on the arterial walls, resulting in atherosclerosis
34
Q

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

A

-Removes excess cholesterol from the cells and carries it to the liver to be excreted. Often called “good” cholesterol

35
Q

Cholesterol Testing

A

Adults 20+ should test once every 5 years

36
Q

Total Cholesterol Determination

A

Combine measures LDL and HDL

37
Q

Cholesterol Results

A
  • Desirable: Less then 200 mg/dL
  • Borderline high:200-239 mg/dL
  • High: 240+ mg/dL
38
Q

HDL Results

A

Women

  • Optimal: 60 mg/dL
  • Desirable: 50-60 mg/dL
  • Risk: Less then 50 mg/dL is at risk of CAD

Men

  • Optimal: 60 mg/dL
  • Desirable:40 to 50 mg/dL
  • Risk: Less then 40 mg/dL is at risk of CAD
39
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A
  • Most common system is chest pain known as angina pectoris
40
Q

Lipid Profile

A
  • Includes cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides
  • Patient must fast 12 hours before test
41
Q

Triglyxerides

A

The chemical form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body. 2 sources: synthesized by the body and food

  • Most triglycerides in the bloodstream are carried by lipoprotein known as low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
  • Too much triglycerides can increase risk of CAD
42
Q

Triglycerides Results

A
  • Normal: less then 150 mg/dL
  • Borderline high: 150-199 mg/dL
  • High: 200-499 mg/dL
  • Very High: 500+ mg/dL
43
Q

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

A
  • Kidney fxn test
44
Q

Immunology

A

The study of an antigen and antibody rxn

45
Q

Antiogen

A

A substance that is cable of stimulating the formation off antibodies in an individual

46
Q

Blood Antigen

A

A protein present on the surface of the red blood cells that determines a person’s blood type

47
Q

Immunolgic test

A
  • Hep tests, HIV, Syphulis, Mono, Rheumatoid fever, antistreptoysin O, C- reactive protein, Cold agglutinins, ABO and Rh Blood typing, Rh antibody titer
48
Q

Rapid Mononucleosis Testing

A
  • Caused by Epstein- Barr (EBV)

- Symptoms: mental and physical fatigue, fever, sore throat, severe weakness, headache, and swollen lymph nodes

49
Q

Agglutination

A

Clumping of blood cells

Medical Assistant (13 decks)

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