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Clinical Chemistry > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood waste products are in which blood?

A

Arterial

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2
Q

What is the basic functioning unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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3
Q

Which kind of blood enters the renal corpuscle?

A

Arterial blood

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4
Q

Where does blood filtration start?

A

In the glomerulus

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5
Q

What is renal threshold?

A

Nephrons having specific limits for resorption

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6
Q

When fluid reaches the collecting duct, it becomes what?

A

Urine

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7
Q

What do the ureters do?

A

Transport urine from renal pelvis to bladder

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8
Q

How do the ureters enter the bladder?

A

At oblique angles to form openings to prevent backflow

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9
Q

What cells line the bladder?

A

Transitional epithelium cells

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10
Q

ADH comes from where and what does it do?

A

From pituitary gland, promotes resorption of water

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11
Q

Aldosterone comes from where and what does it do?

A

From adrenal cortex, resorbs sodium and excretes potassium

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12
Q

What is the most sterile urine collection technique?

A

Cystocentesis

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13
Q

What are 4 parts of a urinalysis?

A

USG, physical, chemical and sedimentation

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14
Q

What happens when a fresh urine sample sits out?

A

Crystals can form and ph goes up

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15
Q

What diets cause acidic urine?

A

High protein cereal diets, meat or milk

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16
Q

What can cause decreased ph?

A

Fever, starvation, excessive muscular activity, drugs

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17
Q

What can cause increased ph?

A

UTI with urease bacteria, urine retention, certain drugs

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18
Q

What are 2 main roles the kidneys play in acid-base balance?

A

Reabsorb HCO3-Excrete H+

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19
Q

Proteinuria can indicate what?

A

Acute or Chronic Renal Disease

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20
Q

Glucosuria levels depend on what 3 things?

A

blood glucose levels, rate of glomerular filtration, tubular resorption

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21
Q

Glucosuria false positives can be seen with what?

A

Vitamin C, morphine, aspirin, penicillin, cephalosporins

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22
Q

How are ketones formed?

A

Formed during incomplete catabolism of fatty acids

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23
Q

What are common causes of ketonuria?

A

Diabetes mellitus, impaired liver functionHigh-fat diets, starvation, fasting, anorexia. Ketosis in lactating/ pregnant cows/ewes

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24
Q

Bilirubin is an abnormal finding in which animals?

A

cats, horse, pigs, or sheep

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25
Q

What is conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin?

A

Conjugated is water soluble

Unconjugated is attached to albumin

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26
Q

What are common causes of bilirubinuria?

A

Bile duct obstruction, Hemolytic anemia, Liver disease

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27
Q

Why does unconjugated bilirubin now show up in urine?

A

Unconjugated Bilirubin is attached to Albumin which does not pass through the glomerulus

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28
Q

Is urobilinogen normal in urine?

A

Yes

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29
Q

How is urobilinogen formed?

A

In intestines, bacteria convert bilirubin to stercobilinogen and urobilinogen

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30
Q

What are the 3 types of RBC found in a urinalysis?

A

Ghost cells, crenated, intact

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31
Q

What can cause hemoglobinuria?

A

Incompatible blood transfusion, IMHA

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32
Q

What does myoglobinuria look like?

A

Very dark brown to almost black but in low concentrations may look reddish

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33
Q

What does hemoglobinuria look like?

A

Supernatent red color to clear

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34
Q

Why do leukocytes need to be examined microscopically in a urinalysis?

A

False negatives, especially in cats, are frequent

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35
Q

What are the physical parts of a urine exam?

A

Color, clarity, smell

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36
Q

When is the best time to get a urine sample?

A

First thing in the morning

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37
Q

What is the ideal amount of urine needed?

A

5-10 ml

38
Q

How fast and long should urine be centrifuged?

A

1000-2000 rpm, for 3-5 minutes

39
Q

What type of stain can be put on a urine sediment slide?

A

◦0.5% new methylene blue or Violet

40
Q

What is the goal of step 1 of urinalysis?

A

Evaluate larger elements

41
Q

What is the goal of step 2 of urinalysis?

A

Differentiate cells types and ID bacteria

42
Q

What can help you see sediment on urine better?

A

Use subdued light to refract elements, continuously adjust fine knob

43
Q

Horses and rabbits have large amounts of what in their urine?

A

Calcium carbonate

44
Q

What are common findings in the urine?

A

Epithelial cellsMucus threadsRBCs WBCsHyaline castsCrystals Bacteria

45
Q

What does USG tell us?

A

The density of sediment compared to water

46
Q

What is a normal amount of RBC to see in urine?

A

2-3/hpf

47
Q

What is pyuria?

A

Excessive WBC in urineq

48
Q

What is an abnormal epithelial cell to see in urine?

A

Renal

49
Q

What are the 3 types of epithelial cells?

A

Squamous, renal, transitional

50
Q

Where do squamous epithelial cells come from?

A

distal urethra, vagina, vulva, or prepuce

51
Q

What is the shape of squamous epithelial cells?

A

Flat and thin

52
Q

What is the largest epithelial cell?

A

Squamous

53
Q

Where do transitional epithelial cells come from?

A

bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, and proximal urethra

54
Q

What do transitional epithelial cells look like?

A

Round but occasionally pear shaped ◦Small, granular nucleus

55
Q

High numbers of transitional epithelial cells indicate what?

A

Cystitis or pyelonephritis, or from catheterization

56
Q

What is the smallest epithelial cell, often confused with WBC?

A

Renal

57
Q

What do renal epithelial cells look like?

A

Generally round and contain a large nucleus with nongranular cytoplasm

58
Q

Where are casts formed and what are they?

A

Formed in the lumen of the DCT and collecting tubules.

Secreted protein precipitates in acidic conditions.

59
Q

What are the 7 casts?

A

Hyaline, epithelial, cellular, granular, waxy, fatty, and mixed casts

60
Q

What do hyaline casts look like and where are they seen?

A

Clear and colorless, Composed of mostly protein, Cylindrical with parallel sides and rounded ends
Increased with fever, poor renal perfusion, general anesthesia and exercise

61
Q

What do granular casts look like and where are they seen?

A

Hyaline casts, (most common seen) w/fine/coarse granules.

In higher numbers in acute nephritis

62
Q

What do epithelial casts look like and where are they seen?

A

Consist of epithelial cells from the renal tubules embedded in the hyaline matrix
Seen in acute nephritis, degeneration of the renal tubular epithelium

63
Q

Leukocyte casts contain what? Where are they seen?

A

Contain WBCs, mostly neutrophils

Pyelonephritis

64
Q

Erythrocyte casts contain what? Where are they seen?

A

Contains RBC, deep yellow to orange

Renal bleeding

65
Q

Waxy casts look like what, and where are they seen?

A

Wider (than hyaline) with square ends, dull, homogeneous, waxy appearance
Chronic/severe renal tubule degeneration

66
Q

What are fatty casts and where are they seen?

A

Contain small droplets of fat
Seen in cats with renal disease
Occasionally in dogs with diabetes mellitus

67
Q

How are crystals reported as?

A

Type and quantity (1+-4+)

68
Q

Struvite crystals are shaped like what, what is the other name, and where are they found?

A

Shaped like coffin lids
Triple Phosphate Crystals or magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals
Found commonly in alkaline to slightly acidic urine

69
Q

Calcium oxalate crystals look like what, what is the other name, and where are they found?

A

Small squares with an X across the crystal resembling the back of an envelope
Found in acidic to neutral urine, Common in small dogs and horses

70
Q

Monohydrate crystals look like what and where are they found?

A

Small, dumbbell shaped or elongated and pointed at each end (picket fence)
Ethylene glycol poisoning

71
Q

Uric acid crystals look like what and where are they found?

A

A variety of shapes but usually diamond or rhomboid, yellow/yellow brown
Only common in dalmations
Can signify renal disease

72
Q

Amorphous crystalline material looks like what and is found where?

A

Common in alkaline urine
Granular precipitate appearance
Amorphous urates – acidic urine
Amorphous phosphates – alkaline urine

73
Q

Calcium carbonate is common in who and what does it look like?

A

Horses and rabbits

Round with lines radiating from the center or large granular masses or dumbbell shaped

74
Q

Bacteria can only be ID under what?

A

Magnification

75
Q

How is bacteria reported?

A

Few, moderate, many, TNTC

76
Q

Bacilli and cocci are what shape?

A

Baccili are rods, cocci are round

77
Q

What is pearsonema plica?

A

Bladder worm

78
Q

What is Dictophyma renale?

A

Canine Kidney worm

79
Q

What is Microfilaria immitis?

A

Adult HW

80
Q

What must be performed with every urinalysis?

A

Cytology

81
Q

Mucus threads look like what and are common where?

A

Resemble twisted ribbon

Large number in horses, In other animals indicates urethral irritation or contamination with genital secretions

82
Q

Large numbers of sperm can give false positive for what?

A

Protein

83
Q

Dalmations get what kind of stones?

A

Urate uroliths

84
Q

Dogs and cats usually get what kind of stones?

A

Struvite or Ca oxalate

85
Q

Excess protein is seen in the urine because of an issue with what part of the urinary system?

A

Glomerulus

86
Q

What is the term for scant or little urine?

A

Oliguria

87
Q

What is the term for increased urine production?

A

Polyuria

88
Q

Where are casts created?

A

Renal tubules

89
Q

What is not part of a urine sediment exam?

A

Color

90
Q

What does the renal system not do?

A

Control blood ph using ions.

91
Q

What are the 4 parts of a urinalysis?

A

Physical, chemical, sediment and USG

Clinical Chemistry (7 decks)

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