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AnaPhy > Uri S > Flashcards

Uri S Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Urinary System
Eliminate (3)

A
  • Nitrogenous wastes
  • Toxins
  • Drugs
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2
Q
  • Regulate aspects of homeostasis (6)
A
  • Water balance
  • Electrolytes
  • Acid-base balance in the blood
  • Blood pressure
  • Red blood cell production
  • Activation of vitamin D
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3
Q

Organs of the Urinary System (4)

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
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4
Q

Kidneys
-location
-level

A
  • Against the dorsal body wall
  • At the level of T12 to L3
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5
Q

What kidney slightly lower

A

right kidney

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6
Q

Kidney is attached to (3) at ____

A

ureters, renal blood vessels, and nerves

renal hilus

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

Atop each kidney is an

A

adrenal gland

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9
Q

Coverings of the Kidneys (2)

A
  • Renal capsule
  • Adipose capsule
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10
Q

surround the kidney

A

adipose capsule

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11
Q

Surrounds each kidney

A

renal capsule

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12
Q

Provides protection to the kidney

A

Adipose capsule

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13
Q

Helps keep the kidney in its correct location

A

Adipose capsule

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14
Q

Regions of the Kidney

A
  • Renal cortex - outer region
  • Renal medulla inside the cortex
  • Renal pelvis - inner collecting tube
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15
Q
  • Renal cortex -
  • Renal medulla-
  • Renal pelvis -
A
  • Renal cortex - outer region
  • Renal medulla inside the cortex
  • Renal pelvis - inner collecting tube
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16
Q

Kidney Structures

A
  • Medullary pyramids -
  • Renal columns -
  • Calyces
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17
Q

triangular regions of tissue in the medulla

A
  • Medullary pyramids -
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18
Q
  • extensions of cortex-like material inward
A

Renal columns

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19
Q
  • cup-shaped structures that funnel urine
    towards the renal pelvis
A

Calyces

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20
Q

The structural and functional units of the kidneys

A

Nephrons

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21
Q

Responsible for forming urine

A

Nephrons

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22
Q
  • Main structures of the nephrons (2)
A
  • Glomerulus
  • Renal tubule
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23
Q

A specialized capillary bed

A

Glomerulus

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24
Q

Glomerulu is attached to___ on both__ (maintain high pressure)

A

arterioles
side

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25
Q

Glomerulus is attached on both side of arterioles (2)

A
  • Large afferent arteriole
  • Narrow efferent arteriole
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26
Q

Capillaries are covered with ___from the
renal tubule

A

podocytes

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27
Q

The glomerulus sits within a ___(the first part of the renal tubule)

A

glomerular capsule

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28
Q

the first part of the renal tubule

A

glomerular capsule

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29
Q

Glomerular (Bowman’s)capsule

A

renal tube

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30
Q

Part so renal tubule (4)

A

Glomerular (Bowman’s)capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule

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31
Q

Types of Nephrons (2)

A
  • Cortical nephrons
  • Juxtamedullary nephrons
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32
Q
  • Located entirely in the cortex
  • Includes most nephrons
A

Cortical nephrons

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33
Q

Found at the boundary of the cortex and
medulla

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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34
Q

location
* Cortical nephrons
* Juxtamedullary nephrons

A
  • Cortical nephrons- cortex
  • Juxtamedullary nephrons- boundary of the cortex and medulla
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35
Q

Peritubular Capillaries arise from

A

efferent arteriole of the glomerulus

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36
Q

Normal, low pressure capillaries

A

Peritubular Capillaries

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37
Q

Peritubular Capillaries is attached to a

A

venule

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38
Q

Cling close to the renal tubule

A

Peritubular Capillaries

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39
Q

Reabsorb (reclaim) some substances from
collecting tubes

A

Peritubular Capillaries

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40
Q

Urine Formation Processes (3)

A
  • Filtration
  • Reabsorption
  • Secretion
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41
Q

Nonselective passive process

A

Filtration

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42
Q

Blood cells cannot pass out to the capillaries

A

Filtration

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43
Q

collected in the glomerular capsule and leaves via the renal tubule

A

Filtrate

44
Q

The peritubular capillaries reabsorb several
materials (4)

A
  • Some water
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • lons
45
Q
  • Some reabsorption is ___, most is __
A

passive
active

46
Q

Most reabsorption occurs in the

A

proximal convoluted tubule

47
Q

Materials Not Reabsorbed (2)

A
  • Nitrogenous waste products
    * Urea
    * Uric acid
    * Creatinine
  • Excess water
48
Q

Reabsorption in Reverse

A

Secretion

49
Q

Some materials move from the peritubular
capillaries into the renal tubules

A

Secretion

50
Q

Some materials move from the peritubular
capillaries into the renal tubules (2)

A
  • Hydrogen and potassium ions
  • Creatinine
51
Q

Materials left in the renal tubule move toward the ureter

A

Secretion

52
Q

Characteristics of Urine Used for Medical
Diagnosis

  • Color _____
  • Sterile
  • Slightly ____
  • Normal pH of _____
  • Specific gravity of _____
A
  • Colored somewhat yellow due to the pigment urochrome (from the destruction of hemoglobin) and solutes
  • Sterile
  • Slightly aromatic
  • Normal pH of around 6
  • Specific gravity of 1.001 to 1.035
53
Q

yellow due to the pigment ___(from the destruction of hemoglobin) and solutes

A

urochrome

54
Q

pigment from the destruction of hemoglobin

A

urochrome

55
Q

Slender tubes attaching the kidney to the
bladder

A

ureter

56
Q

Continuous with the renal pelvis

A

ureter

57
Q

ureter enter the ___ of the bladder

A

posterior aspect

58
Q

ureter runs behind the

A

peritoneum

59
Q

aids gravity in urine transport

A

Peristalsis

60
Q

Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac

A

urinary bladder

61
Q

Temporarily stares urine

A

urinary bladder

62
Q

Trigone has how many openings?
-where are they located

A

three openings

  • Two from the ureters
  • One to the urethrea
63
Q

Urinary Bladder Wall is composed of
-how many layers

A

three layers of smooth muscle (detrusor muscle)

64
Q
  • Mucosa made of transitional
A

epithelium

65
Q

Walls of the urinary bladder are thick and folded in an

A

empty bladder

66
Q

Urethra Gender Differences
* Length
* Location
* Function

A
  • Length
  • Females - 3-4 cm (1 inch)
  • Males - 20 cm (8 inches)
  • Location
  • Females - along wall of the vagina
  • Males - through the prostate and penis
  • Function
  • Females - only carries urine
  • Males - carries urine and is a
    passageway for sperm cells
67
Q

Both sphincter muscles must open to allow

A

Micturition (Voiding)

68
Q

Micturition (Voiding)

  • The _____is relaxed after stretching of the bladder
  • Activation is from an impulse sent to the
    ___ and then back via the
  • The ____ must be voluntarily __
A

internal urethral sphincter
spinal cord, pelvic splanchnic nerves
external urethral sphincter , relaxed

69
Q

Normal amount of water in the human
body
* Young adult females -
* Young adult males -
* Babies
* Old age -

A
  • Young adult females - 50%
  • Young adult males - 60%
  • Babies - 75%
  • Old age - 45%
70
Q

necessary for many body functions and
levels must be maintained

A

Water

71
Q

Distribution of Body Fluid (2)

A
  • Intracellular fluid (inside cells)
  • Extracellular fluid (outside cells)
72
Q

Extracellular fluid (outside cells)
example (2)

A
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Blood plasma
73
Q

The Link Between Water and Salt (3)
-electrolyte
-blood
-cells

A
  • Changes in electrolyte balance causes water to move from one compartment to another
  • Alters blood volume and blood pressure
  • Can impair the activity of cells
74
Q

Water intake must equal water

A

output

75
Q
  • Sources for water intake (2)
A
  • Ingested foods and fluids
  • Water produced from metabolic processes
76
Q
  • Sources for water output (4)
A
  • Vaporization out of the lungs
  • Lost in perspiration
  • Leaves the body in the feces
  • Urine production
77
Q

produced if water intake is excessive

A

Dilute urine

78
Q
A
79
Q

produced if large amounts of water are lost

A

Less urine (concentrated)

80
Q

Proper concentrations of various ___ must be present

A

electrolytes

81
Q

Regulation of Water and Electrolyte
Reabsorption (2)

A
  • Regulation is primarily by hormones
  • Cells in the kidneys and hypothalamus are active monitors
82
Q

prevents excessive water loss in urine

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

83
Q

regulates sodium ion content of extracellular fluid

A

Aldosterone

84
Q

Aldosterone is triggered by what mechanism

A

rennin angiotensin mechanism

85
Q

active monitors (2)

A

Cells in the kidneys and hypothalamus

86
Q

Blood pH must remain between ____ and __
maintain homeostasis

A

7.35 and 7.45

87
Q

Alkalosis - pH
Acidosis - pH

A

Alkalosis - pH above 7.45
* Acidosis - pH below 7.35

88
Q

Most ions originate as byproducts of

A

cellular metabolism

89
Q

Most acid-base balance is maintained by the

A

kidneys

90
Q
A
91
Q
  • Other acid-base controlling systems (2)
A
  • Blood buffers
  • Respiration
92
Q

Molecules react to prevent dramatic changes in hydrogen ion (H+) concentrations

A

Blood Buffers

93
Q

Buffer
* Bind to H+ when pH
* Release H+ when pH

A
  • Bind to H+ when pH drops
  • Release H+ when pH rises
94
Q

Three major chemical buffer systems

A
  • Bicarbonate buffer system
  • Phosphate buffer system
  • Protein buffer system
95
Q
  • Mixture of carbonic acid (H,CO3) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO,)
A

The Bicarbonate Buffer System

96
Q

react with strong acids
to change them to weak acids

A

Bicarbonate ions (HCO,-)

97
Q

dissociates in the presence of a
strong base to form a weak base and water

A

Carbonic acid

98
Q

Carbon dioxide in the blood is converted to ____ and transported in the __

A

bicarbonate ion
plasma

99
Q

Increases in hydrogen ion concentration
produces more

A

carbonic acid

100
Q

Excess __ can be blown off with the release of carbon dioxide from the lungs

A

hydrogen ion

101
Q

Respiratory rate can rise and fall depending on changing

A

blood pH

102
Q

Renal Mechanisms of Acid-Base Balance (3

A
  • Excrete bicarbonate ions if needed
  • Conserve or generate new bicarbonate ions if needed
  • Urine pH varies from 4.5 to 8.0
103
Q

Urine pH varies from __ to __

A

4.5 to 8.0

104
Q

Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System
-third month
-urinary system of newborn (2)
-18 months
-old age

A
  • Functional kidneys are developed by the third month
  • Urinary system of a newborn
    • Bladder is small
    • Urine cannot be concentrated
  • Control of the voluntary urethral sphincter does not start until age 18 months
  • Urinary infections are the only common
    problems before old age
105
Q

The bladder shrinks with

A

aging

106
Q

Urinary retention is common in

A

males

AnaPhy (7 decks)

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