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AnaPhy > Endo S > Flashcards

Endo S Flashcards

1
Q

Second messenger system of the body

A

endocrine system

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2
Q

Endocrine system use ___ that are released into the blood

A

chemical messages (hormones)

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3
Q

Uses chemical messages (hormones)
that are released into the blood

A

endocrine system

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4
Q

produced by specialized cells

A

Hormones

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5
Q

control several major
processes

A

Hormones

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6
Q

Hormones control several major
processes (5)

A

Reproduction
Growth and development
Mobilization of body defenses
Maintenance of much of homeostasis
Regulation of metabolism

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7
Q

Hormones are produced by

A

specialized cells

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8
Q

Cells secrete hormones into

A

extracellular fluids

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9
Q

Blood transfers hormones to

A

target sites

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10
Q

regulate the activity of
other cells

A

hormones

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11
Q

Amino acid based hormones (3)

A

Proteins
Peptides
Amines

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12
Q

Steroids made from

A

cholesterol

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13
Q

Prostaglandins made from highly

A

active lipids

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14
Q

made from highly active lipids

A

Prostaglandins

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15
Q

made from cholesterol

A

Steroids

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16
Q

transfers hormones to target sites

A

Blood

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17
Q

Hormones affect only (2)

A

certain tissues or
organs (target cells or organs)

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18
Q

binding influences the working of the cells

A

Hormone

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19
Q

can alter cellular activity
byincreasing or decreasing the rate of a
normal metabolic process rather than
by stimulating performance of a new one

A

Hormones

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20
Q

Hormones can alter cellular activity
by ___ or ___the rate of a
normal metabolic process rather than
by ___ performance of a new one

A

increasing or decreasing

stimulating

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21
Q

Hormone levels in the blood are
maintained by

A

negative feedback

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22
Q

typically act through second-messenger systems

A

amino-acid-based hormones

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23
Q

Endocrine glands are activated by other

A

hormones

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24
Q

___ or ___ in theblood triggers the release of more
hormone

A

stimulus or low hormone levels

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25
Q

Steroid hormones can act through either

A

-direct gene activation
-second-messenger systems

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26
Q

Endocrine glands are activated by other hormones

A

Hormonal Stimuli of Endocrine
Glands

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27
Q

Changing blood levels of certain ions stimulate hormone release

A

Humoral Stimuli of Endocrine
Glands

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28
Q

Changing blood levels of certain ions stimulate___

A

hormone release

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29
Q

nerve fibers stimulate hormone release,
and the endocrine cells are said to respond to neural stimuli.

A

Neural Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

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30
Q

_____ stimulate hormone release,
and the endocrine cells are said to respond to __

A

nerve fibers
neural stimuli

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31
Q

(3) Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

A

Hormonal Stimuli
Humoral Stimuli
Neural Stimuli

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32
Q

Location of Major Endocrine Organs (10)

A

Pineal Gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Thymus Gland
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis

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33
Q

Size of pituitary gland

A

grape

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34
Q

Pituitary Gland hangs by a stalk from the

A

hypothalamus

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35
Q

Pituitary Gland protected by the

A

sphenoid bone

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36
Q

How many hormones does Anterior Pituitary have

A

6

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37
Q

Pituitary Gland: two functional lobes

A

Anterior pituitary-glandular tissue
Posterior pituitary-nervous tissue

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38
Q

Anterior pituitary-
Posterior pituitary-

A

Anterior pituitary- glandular tissue
Posterior pituitary-nervous tissue

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39
Q

-

A

Two affect non endocrine targets
Four stimulate other endocrine glands
(tropic

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40
Q

___ affect non endocrine targets
___ other endocrine glands
(tropic hormone)

A

Two hormones
Four stimulate

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41
Q

Four hormone that stimulate other endocrine glands

A

tropic hormones

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42
Q

Characteristics of all anterior pituitary
hormones (3)

A

Proteins (or peptides)
Act through second messenger systems
Regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly
negative feedback

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43
Q

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary is regulated by

A

hormonal stimula

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44
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones act through second

A

second messenger systems

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45
Q

Anterior Pituitary is regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly

A

negative feedback

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46
Q

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

Growth hormone-
Prolaction-
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing hormone-
Thyrotropic hormone-
Adrenocorticotropic hormone-

A

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

Growth hormone- Bones and muscle
Prolaction-mammary gland
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing hormone- Testes and Ovaries
Thyrotropic hormone- Thyroid
Adrenocorticotropic hormone- Adrenal Cortex

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47
Q

Hypothalamus releasing hormone in

A

portal circulation

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48
Q

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

  • Bones and muscle
  • Testes and Ovaries
  • Thyroid
  • Adrenal Cortex
A

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

Growth hormone- Bones and muscle
Prolaction-mammary gland
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing hormone- Testes and Ovaries
Thyrotropic hormone- Thyroid
Adrenocorticotropic hormone- Adrenal Cortex

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49
Q

General metabolic hormone

A

Growth hormone

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50
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

Major effects are directed to growth of (2)

A

skeletal muscles and long bones

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51
Q

Causes amino acids to be built into
proteins

A

Growth Hormone

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52
Q

Stimulates and maintains milk production
following childbirth

A

Prolactin (PRL)

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53
Q

Growth hormone causes amino acids to be built into

A

proteins

54
Q

Causes fats to be broken down for a
source of energy

A

Growth Hormone

55
Q

Prolactin (PRL)- Function in ___ is unknown

A

males

56
Q

Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal
cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

57
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Influences growth and activity of the thyroid

58
Q

Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads

A

Gonadotropic hormones

59
Q

Stimulates follicle development in
ovaries
Stimulates sperm development in
testes

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

60
Q

Triggers ovulation

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

61
Q

Gonadotropic hormones (2)

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)

62
Q

Stimulates testosterone production in
males

Referred to as

A

interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)

63
Q

Causes ruptured follicle to become the
corpus luteum

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

64
Q

Stimulates testosterone production in
males

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

65
Q

Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor

A

Oxytocin

66
Q

Causes milk ejection

A

Oxytocin

67
Q

Can inhibit urine production

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

68
Q

In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction
leading to increased blood pressure
(vasopressin)

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

69
Q

increased blood pressure

A

(vasopressin)

70
Q

Found at the base of the throat

A

Thyroid Gland

71
Q

Thyroid Hormone composed of two active iodine containing hormones

A

Thyroxine (T 4 )
Triiodothyronine (T3)

72
Q

Thyroid Glands consists of

A

two lobes and a connecting isthmus

73
Q

Major metabolic hormone

A

Thyroid Hormone

74
Q

Thyroid Gland produces two hormones

A

Thyroid hormone
Calcitonin

75
Q

Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone

A

Calcitonin

76
Q

Produced by C (parafollicular) cells

A

Calcitonin

77
Q

Calcitonin is produced by

A

C (parafollicular) cells

78
Q

Decreases blood calcium levels by
causing its deposition on bone

A

Calcitonin

79
Q

Tiny masses on the posterior of the
thyroid

A

Parathyroid Glands

80
Q

Triiodothyronine (T 3 ) conversion of __ at
___

A

T 4
target tissues

81
Q

Parathyroid Glands secrete

A

parathyroid hormone

82
Q

Thyroxine (T 4 ) secreted by

A

thyroid follicles

83
Q

parathyroid hormone raises ___ in the blood

A

Calcium levels

84
Q

Stimulate osterclasts to remove calcium
from bone

A

parathyroid hormone

85
Q

Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to
absorb more calcium

A

parathyroid hormone

86
Q

Adrenal Glands has two gland
-their function

A

Cortex outer glandular region in three
layers
Medulla inner neural tissue region

87
Q

Glucocorticoids produced in the middle layer of the

A

adrenal cortex

88
Q

Sits on top of the kidneys

A

Adrenal Glands

89
Q

(including cortisone and cortisol)

A

Glucocorticoids

90
Q

Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

A

Glucocorticoids
Sex hormones

91
Q

Promote normal cell metabolism

A

Glucocorticoids

92
Q

Help resist long term stressors

A

Glucocorticoids

93
Q

Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal
cortex

A

sex hormones

94
Q

Androgens (male) and some estrogen
(female)

A

Sex hormones

95
Q

Released in response to increased blood
levels of ACTH

A

Glucocorticoids

96
Q

These hormones prepare the body to
deal with short term stress

A

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla

97
Q

The pancreas is a

A

mixed gland

98
Q

Short term stress response (1)
Long term stress response (2)

A

Short term stress response
-Catecholamines
Long term stress response
-Mineralocorticoids
-Glucocorticoids

99
Q

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla produces two similar hormones

A

(catecholoamine)
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

100
Q

allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells

A

Insulin

101
Q

The islets of the pancreas produce hormones (2)

A

-insulin
-glucagon

102
Q

Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep
cycles

A

melatonin

103
Q

allows glucose to enter the blood from alpha cells

A

Glucagon

104
Q

maintain blood sugar homeostasis (2)

A

insulin
glucagon

105
Q

Matures some types of white blood cells

A

thymosin

106
Q

Found on the third ventricle of the brain

A

pineal gland

107
Q

Secretes melatonin

A

pineal gland

108
Q

May have other as yet unsubstantiated
functions

A

melatonin

109
Q

thymus is largest in (2)

A

infants and children

110
Q

Located posterior to the sternum

A

thymus

111
Q

Important in developing the immune system

A

thymus

112
Q

Produces thymosin

A

thymus

113
Q

Hormones of the Ovaries (2)

A

Progesterone
Estrogens

114
Q

Estrogens

Produced by

A

Graafian follicles or the placenta

115
Q

Stimulates the development of secondary
female characteristics
Matures female reproductive organs
Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg
Helps maintain pregnancy
Prepares the breasts to produce milk

A

estrogen

116
Q

Acts with estrogen to bring about the
menstrual cycle

A

Progesterone

117
Q

Progesterone

Produced by the

A

corpus luteum

118
Q

Helps in the implantation of an embryo in
the uterus

A

Progesterone

119
Q

__of testes are hormone producing

A

Interstitial cells

120
Q

Hormones of the Testes Produce several

A

androgens

121
Q

Testosterone is the most important
androgen

A

testosterone

122
Q

Responsible for adult male secondary sex
characteristics
Promotes growth and maturation of male
reproductive system
Required for sperm cell production

A

Testosterone

123
Q

Other Hormone Producing Tissues
and Organs (5)

A

Parts of the small intestine
Parts of the stomach
Kidneys
Heart
Many other areas have scattered
endocrine cells

124
Q

Produces hormones that maintain the
pregnancy

A

Placenta

125
Q

Most endocrine organs operate smoothly
until

A

old age

126
Q

Some hormones play a part in the
delivery of the baby

A

Placenta

127
Q

Placenta produces ___in addition to estrogen,
progesterone, and other hormones

A

HCG

128
Q

is brought about by lack of
efficiency of the ovaries

A

Menopause

129
Q

Problems associated with___
are common

A

reduced estrogen

130
Q

__production declines with age

A

Growth hormone

AnaPhy (7 decks)

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