Respi S Flashcards
- Oversees gas exchanges (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the blood and external environment
respiratory system
only site of gas exchange, other structures passageways
alveoli
purify, warm, and humidify the incoming air
passageways to the lungs
Respiratory system shares responsibility with
cardiovascular system
organs of the respiratory system (6)
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs –alveoli
located in the mucosa on the superior surface
Olfactory receptors
- The rest of the cavity is lined with
respiratory mucosa
moisten air and traps incoming foreign particles
nasal cavity
lateral walls of nasal cavity have projections called
conchae
conchae help in (2)
o Increases surface area
o Increases air turbulence within the nasal cavity
- The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the __
palate
Plate in oral cavity (2)
o Anterior hard palate (bone)
o Posterior soft palate (muscle)
- Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity (4)
o Frontal bone
o Sphenoid bone
o Ethmoid bone
o Maxillary bone
Lighten the skull
paranasal sinuses
o Act as resonance chambers for speech
paranasal sinuses
o Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
PHARYNX (THROAT)
- Three regions of the pharynx
-explain
o Nasopharynx –superior region behind nasal cavity
o Oropharynx –middle region behind mouth
o Laryngopharynx –inferior region attached to larynx
common passageways for air and food
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
- Auditory tubes enter the
nasopharynx
Tonsils of the pharynx (3)
-their location
o Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the nasopharynx
o Palatine tonsils in the oropharynx
o Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue
- Routes air and food into proper channels
larynx or voice box
- Plays a role in speech
larynx or voice box
larynx or voice box are made of _____and a ____ of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)
eight rigid hyaline cartilages
spoon-shaped flap
structure of the laryx (4)
- Thyroid cartilage
- Epiglottis
- Vocal cords (vocal folds)
- Glottis
o Largest hyaline cartilage
- Thyroid cartilage
o Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)
- Thyroid cartilage
o Superior opening of the larynx
Epiglottis
o Routes food to the larynx and air toward the trachea
Epiglottis
Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)
Vocal cords (vocal folds)
–opening between vocal cords
Glottis
- Connects larynx with bronchi
trachea windpipe
trachea or windpipe is lined with
ciliated mucosa
o Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs
ciliated mucosa
Walls of trachea are reinforced with __
C-shaped hyaline cartilage
- Formed by division of the trachea
primary bronchi
primary bronchi enter the lung at the
hilus (medial depression)
the ___ bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than __
Right bronchus
Left bronchus
Occupy most of the thoracic cavity
lungs
the apex of the lungs is near ___ the while the base rests on the ____
clavicle (superior portion)
diaphragm (inferior portion)
- Each lung is divided into lobes by
fissures
- Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures (2)
o Left lung –two lobes
o Right lung –three lobes
Coverings of the lungs
Pulmonary (visceral) pleura
Parietal pleura
Pleural fluid
Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the lung surface
Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding
respiratory of three divisions
o Primary bronchi
o Secondary bronchi
o Tertiary bronchi
o Bronchioli
o Terminal bronchioli
- Smallest branches of the bronchi
bronchioles
bronchioles have reinforcing
cartilage
Terminal bronchioles end in
alveoli
respiratory zone structure (4)
- Respiratory bronchioli
- Alveolar duct
- Alveoli
- Site of gas exchange
structure of alveoli (4)
- Alveolar duct
- Alveolar sac
- Alveolus
- Gas exchange
- Thin squamous epithelial layer lining alveolar walls
respiratory membrane or air-blood barrier
cover external surfaces of alveoli
Pulmonary capillaries
Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by
diffusion
o Oxygen enters the
o Carbon dioxide enters the
o Oxygen enters the blood
o Carbon dioxide enters the alveoli
coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces
Surfactant
events of respiration (4)
what happens
Pulmonary ventilation –moving air in and out of the lungs
External respiration –gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli
Respiratory gas transport –transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream
Internal respiration –gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries
Breathing or pulmonary ventilation is completely what kind of process
mechanical process
breathing depends on volume changes in the
thoracic cavity
Volume changes lead to ____, which lead to the flow of gases to __
pressure changes
equalize pressure
Two phases of breathing
TWO PHASES
Inspiration –flow of air into lung
Expiration –air leaving lung
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
The size of the thoracic cavity increases
inspiration
External air is pulled into the lungs due to an increase in intrapulmonary volume
inspiration
Largely a passive process which depends on natural lung elasticity
exhalation
Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage
exhalation
Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions
Non respiratory air movement
Example of nonrespiratory air movement (5)
- Cough and sneeze –clears lungs of debris
- Laughing
- Crying
- Yawn
- Hiccup
- Normal breathing moves about___of air with each breath (tidal volume [TV])
500 ml
- Many factors that affect respiratory capacity (4)
o A person’s size
o Sex
o Age
o Physical condition
–after exhalation, about 1200 ml of air remains in the lungs
Residual volume of air
o Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume
o Usually between 2100 and 3200 ml
- Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
o Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled
o Approximately 1200 ml
- Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
o Air remaining in lung after expiration
o About 1200 m
- Residual volume
o The total amount of exchangeable air
- Vital capacity
o Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli
o About 150 ml
o Dead space volume
o Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone
o Usually about 350 ml
- Functional volume
- Respiratory capacities are measured with a
spirometer
- Sounds are monitored with a
stethoscope
–produced by air rushing through trachea and bronchi
- Bronchial sounds
–soft sounds of air filling alveoli
Vesicular breathing sounds
- Oxygen movement into the
blood
The___ always has more oxygen than the -__
alveoli
blood
o Oxygen moves by ____ towards the area of lower concentration
o ____ blood gains oxygen
diffusion
Pulmonary capillary
Blood returning from tissues has higher concentrations of ____ than ___ in the alveoli
Blood
carbon dioxide
air
o Pulmonary capillary blood gives up
carbon dioxide
- Blood leaving the lungs is (2)
-oxygen
-carbon dioxide
oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide-poor
- Oxygen transport in the blood. Inside red blood cells attached to
hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin [HbO2])
o Most is transported in the plasma as
bicarbonate ion (HCO3–)
Difference between
-oxygen transport in the blood
-carbon dioxide transport in the blood
- Oxygen transport in the blood
o Inside red blood cells attached to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin [HbO2])
o A small amount is carried dissolved in the plasma - Carbon dioxide transport in the blood
o Most is transported in the plasma as bicarbonate ion (HCO3–)
o A small amount is carried inside red blood cells on hemoglobin, but at different binding sites than those of oxygen
- Exchange of gases between blood and body cells
internal respiration
Oxygen movement into the blood
external respiration
- An opposite reaction to what occurs in the lungs (2)
o Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to blood
o Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue
- Activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to the brain by the phrenic and intercostal nerves
neural regulation of respiration
that control rate and depth are located in the medulla
Neural centers
appears to smooth out respiratory rate
pons
- Normal respiratory rate (eupnea) is
12–15 respirations per minute
eupnea
hypernea
eupnea-noram
hypernea- increased
is increased respiratory rate often due to extra oxygen needs
Hypernia
FACTORS INFLUENCING RESPIRATORY RATE AND DEPTH (4)
- Physical factors
- Volition (conscious control)
- Emotional factors
- Chemical factors
physical factors (4)
o Increased body temperature
o Exercise
o Talking
o Coughing
main regulatory chemical for respiration, increase of this chemical increase respiration
level of carbon dioxide
o Changes in carbon dioxide act directly on the
medulla oblongata
o Changes in this chemical concentration in the blood are detected by chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid artery
oxygen
Changes in oxygen concentration in the blood are detected by ___ in the (2)
chemoreceptors
aorta and carotid artery
Information about the change in oxygen is sent to the
medulla oblongata
Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
- Major causes of death and disability in the United States
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
Features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
o smoking
o Labored breathing (dyspnea)
o Coughing and pulmonary infections
o retain carbon dioxide, are hypoxic and have respiratory acidosis
o p respiratory failure
- Alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break through
emphysema
emphysema is a chronic inflammation promotes
lung fibrosis
- Airways collapse during expiration
- Patients use a large amount of energy to exhale
emphysema
Emphysema features
- Alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break through
- Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis
- Airways collapse during expiration
- Patients use a large amount of energy to exhale
- Overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest
- Cyanosis appears late in the disease
chronic bronchitis features
- Alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break through
- Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis
- Airways collapse during expiration
- Patients use a large amount of energy to exhale
- Overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest
- Cyanosis appears late in the disease
feature of lung cancer
- Accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in the United States
- Increased incidence associated with smoking
- Three common types
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Adenocarcinoma
- Small cell carcinoma
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
- Apparently healthy infant stops breathing and dies during sleep
- Some cases are thought to be a problem of the neural respiratory control center
- One third of cases appear to be due to heart rhythm abnormalities
Asthma features
- Chronic inflamed hypersensitive bronchiole passages
- Response to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing
lowers alveolar surface tension is not present until late in fetal development and may not be present in premature babies
Surfactant
Important birth defects (2)
o Cystic fibrosis –oversecretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system
o Cleft palate
–oversecretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system
Cystic fibrosis
Respiratory rate change throughout life
Newborns –
Infants –
Age 5 –
Adults –
Rate often increases somewhat with old age
Newborns –40 to 80 respirations per minute
Infants –30 respirations per minute
Age 5 –25 respirations per minute
Adults –12 to 18 respirations per minute
Rate often increases somewhat with old age
