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AnaPhy > Respi S > Flashcards

Respi S Flashcards

1
Q
  • Oversees gas exchanges (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the blood and external environment
A

respiratory system

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2
Q

only site of gas exchange, other structures passageways

A

alveoli

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3
Q

purify, warm, and humidify the incoming air

A

passageways to the lungs

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4
Q

Respiratory system shares responsibility with

A

cardiovascular system

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5
Q

organs of the respiratory system (6)

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs –alveoli
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6
Q

located in the mucosa on the superior surface

A

Olfactory receptors

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7
Q
  • The rest of the cavity is lined with
A

respiratory mucosa

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8
Q

moisten air and traps incoming foreign particles

A

nasal cavity

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9
Q

lateral walls of nasal cavity have projections called

A

conchae

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10
Q

conchae help in (2)

A

o Increases surface area
o Increases air turbulence within the nasal cavity

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11
Q
  • The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the __
A

palate

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12
Q

Plate in oral cavity (2)

A

o Anterior hard palate (bone)
o Posterior soft palate (muscle)

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13
Q
  • Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity
A

paranasal sinuses

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14
Q

Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity (4)

A

o Frontal bone
o Sphenoid bone
o Ethmoid bone
o Maxillary bone

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15
Q

Lighten the skull

A

paranasal sinuses

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16
Q

o Act as resonance chambers for speech

A

paranasal sinuses

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17
Q

o Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity

A

paranasal sinuses

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18
Q

Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx

A

PHARYNX (THROAT)

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19
Q
  • Three regions of the pharynx
    -explain
A

o Nasopharynx –superior region behind nasal cavity
o Oropharynx –middle region behind mouth
o Laryngopharynx –inferior region attached to larynx

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20
Q

common passageways for air and food

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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21
Q
  • Auditory tubes enter the
A

nasopharynx

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22
Q

Tonsils of the pharynx (3)
-their location

A

o Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the nasopharynx
o Palatine tonsils in the oropharynx
o Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue

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23
Q
  • Routes air and food into proper channels
A

larynx or voice box

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24
Q
  • Plays a role in speech
A

larynx or voice box

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25
Q

larynx or voice box are made of _____and a ____ of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)

A

eight rigid hyaline cartilages
spoon-shaped flap

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26
Q

structure of the laryx (4)

A
  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Epiglottis
  • Vocal cords (vocal folds)
  • Glottis
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27
Q

o Largest hyaline cartilage

A
  • Thyroid cartilage
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28
Q

o Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)

A
  • Thyroid cartilage
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29
Q

o Superior opening of the larynx

A

Epiglottis

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30
Q

o Routes food to the larynx and air toward the trachea

A

Epiglottis

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31
Q

Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)

A

Vocal cords (vocal folds)

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32
Q

–opening between vocal cords

A

Glottis

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33
Q
  • Connects larynx with bronchi
A

trachea windpipe

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34
Q

trachea or windpipe is lined with

A

ciliated mucosa

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35
Q

o Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs

A

ciliated mucosa

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36
Q

Walls of trachea are reinforced with __

A

C-shaped hyaline cartilage

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37
Q
  • Formed by division of the trachea
A

primary bronchi

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38
Q

primary bronchi enter the lung at the

A

hilus (medial depression)

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39
Q

the ___ bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than __

A

Right bronchus
Left bronchus

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40
Q

Occupy most of the thoracic cavity

A

lungs

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41
Q

the apex of the lungs is near ___ the while the base rests on the ____

A

clavicle (superior portion)
diaphragm (inferior portion)

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42
Q
  • Each lung is divided into lobes by
A

fissures

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43
Q
  • Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures (2)
A

o Left lung –two lobes
o Right lung –three lobes

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44
Q

Coverings of the lungs
Pulmonary (visceral) pleura
Parietal pleura
Pleural fluid

A

Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the lung surface
Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding

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45
Q

respiratory of three divisions

A

o Primary bronchi
o Secondary bronchi
o Tertiary bronchi
o Bronchioli
o Terminal bronchioli

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46
Q
  • Smallest branches of the bronchi
A

bronchioles

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47
Q

bronchioles have reinforcing

A

cartilage

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48
Q

Terminal bronchioles end in

A

alveoli

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49
Q

respiratory zone structure (4)

A
  • Respiratory bronchioli
  • Alveolar duct
  • Alveoli
  • Site of gas exchange
50
Q

structure of alveoli (4)

A
  • Alveolar duct
  • Alveolar sac
  • Alveolus
  • Gas exchange
51
Q
  • Thin squamous epithelial layer lining alveolar walls
A

respiratory membrane or air-blood barrier

52
Q

cover external surfaces of alveoli

A

Pulmonary capillaries

53
Q
A
54
Q

Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by

A

diffusion

55
Q

o Oxygen enters the
o Carbon dioxide enters the

A

o Oxygen enters the blood
o Carbon dioxide enters the alveoli

56
Q

coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

A

Surfactant

57
Q

events of respiration (4)
what happens

A

Pulmonary ventilation –moving air in and out of the lungs
External respiration –gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli
Respiratory gas transport –transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream
Internal respiration –gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries

58
Q

Breathing or pulmonary ventilation is completely what kind of process

A

mechanical process

59
Q

breathing depends on volume changes in the

A

thoracic cavity

60
Q

Volume changes lead to ____, which lead to the flow of gases to __

A

pressure changes
equalize pressure

61
Q

Two phases of breathing

A

TWO PHASES
Inspiration –flow of air into lung
Expiration –air leaving lung

62
Q

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
The size of the thoracic cavity increases

A

inspiration

63
Q

External air is pulled into the lungs due to an increase in intrapulmonary volume

A

inspiration

64
Q

Largely a passive process which depends on natural lung elasticity

A

exhalation

65
Q

Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage

A

exhalation

66
Q

Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions

A

Non respiratory air movement

66
Q

Example of nonrespiratory air movement (5)

A
  • Cough and sneeze –clears lungs of debris
  • Laughing
  • Crying
  • Yawn
  • Hiccup
67
Q
  • Normal breathing moves about___of air with each breath (tidal volume [TV])
A

500 ml

68
Q
  • Many factors that affect respiratory capacity (4)
A

o A person’s size
o Sex
o Age
o Physical condition

69
Q

–after exhalation, about 1200 ml of air remains in the lungs

A

Residual volume of air

70
Q

o Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume
o Usually between 2100 and 3200 ml

A
  • Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
71
Q

o Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled
o Approximately 1200 ml

A
  • Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
72
Q

o Air remaining in lung after expiration
o About 1200 m

A
  • Residual volume
73
Q

o The total amount of exchangeable air

A
  • Vital capacity
74
Q

o Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli
o About 150 ml

A

o Dead space volume

75
Q

o Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone
o Usually about 350 ml

A
  • Functional volume
76
Q
  • Respiratory capacities are measured with a
A

spirometer

77
Q
  • Sounds are monitored with a
A

stethoscope

78
Q

–produced by air rushing through trachea and bronchi

A
  • Bronchial sounds
79
Q

–soft sounds of air filling alveoli

A

Vesicular breathing sounds

80
Q
  • Oxygen movement into the
A

blood

81
Q

The___ always has more oxygen than the -__

A

alveoli
blood

82
Q

o Oxygen moves by ____ towards the area of lower concentration
o ____ blood gains oxygen

A

diffusion
Pulmonary capillary

83
Q

Blood returning from tissues has higher concentrations of ____ than ___ in the alveoli

A

Blood
carbon dioxide
air

84
Q

o Pulmonary capillary blood gives up

A

carbon dioxide

85
Q
  • Blood leaving the lungs is (2)
    -oxygen
    -carbon dioxide
A

oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide-poor

86
Q
  • Oxygen transport in the blood. Inside red blood cells attached to
A

hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin [HbO2])

87
Q

o Most is transported in the plasma as

A

bicarbonate ion (HCO3–)

88
Q

Difference between
-oxygen transport in the blood
-carbon dioxide transport in the blood

A
  • Oxygen transport in the blood
    o Inside red blood cells attached to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin [HbO2])
    o A small amount is carried dissolved in the plasma
  • Carbon dioxide transport in the blood
    o Most is transported in the plasma as bicarbonate ion (HCO3–)
    o A small amount is carried inside red blood cells on hemoglobin, but at different binding sites than those of oxygen
89
Q
  • Exchange of gases between blood and body cells
A

internal respiration

90
Q

Oxygen movement into the blood

A

external respiration

91
Q
  • An opposite reaction to what occurs in the lungs (2)
A

o Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to blood
o Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue

92
Q
  • Activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to the brain by the phrenic and intercostal nerves
A

neural regulation of respiration

93
Q

that control rate and depth are located in the medulla

A

Neural centers

94
Q

appears to smooth out respiratory rate

A

pons

95
Q
  • Normal respiratory rate (eupnea) is
A

12–15 respirations per minute

96
Q

eupnea
hypernea

A

eupnea-noram
hypernea- increased

97
Q

is increased respiratory rate often due to extra oxygen needs

A

Hypernia

98
Q

FACTORS INFLUENCING RESPIRATORY RATE AND DEPTH (4)

A
  • Physical factors
  • Volition (conscious control)
  • Emotional factors
  • Chemical factors
99
Q

physical factors (4)

A

o Increased body temperature
o Exercise
o Talking
o Coughing

100
Q

main regulatory chemical for respiration, increase of this chemical increase respiration

A

level of carbon dioxide

101
Q

o Changes in carbon dioxide act directly on the

A

medulla oblongata

102
Q

o Changes in this chemical concentration in the blood are detected by chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid artery

A

oxygen

103
Q

Changes in oxygen concentration in the blood are detected by ___ in the (2)

A

chemoreceptors
aorta and carotid artery

104
Q

Information about the change in oxygen is sent to the

A

medulla oblongata

105
Q
A
106
Q

Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema

A

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

107
Q
  • Major causes of death and disability in the United States
A

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

108
Q

Features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

o smoking
o Labored breathing (dyspnea)
o Coughing and pulmonary infections
o retain carbon dioxide, are hypoxic and have respiratory acidosis
o p respiratory failure

109
Q
  • Alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break through
A

emphysema

110
Q

emphysema is a chronic inflammation promotes

A

lung fibrosis

111
Q
  • Airways collapse during expiration
  • Patients use a large amount of energy to exhale
A

emphysema

112
Q

Emphysema features

A
  • Alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break through
  • Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis
  • Airways collapse during expiration
  • Patients use a large amount of energy to exhale
  • Overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest
  • Cyanosis appears late in the disease
113
Q

chronic bronchitis features

A
  • Alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break through
  • Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis
  • Airways collapse during expiration
  • Patients use a large amount of energy to exhale
  • Overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest
  • Cyanosis appears late in the disease
114
Q

feature of lung cancer

A
  • Accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in the United States
  • Increased incidence associated with smoking
  • Three common types
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Small cell carcinoma
115
Q

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A
  • Apparently healthy infant stops breathing and dies during sleep
  • Some cases are thought to be a problem of the neural respiratory control center
  • One third of cases appear to be due to heart rhythm abnormalities
116
Q

Asthma features

A
  • Chronic inflamed hypersensitive bronchiole passages
  • Response to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing
117
Q
A
118
Q

lowers alveolar surface tension is not present until late in fetal development and may not be present in premature babies

A

Surfactant

119
Q

Important birth defects (2)

A

o Cystic fibrosis –oversecretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system
o Cleft palate

120
Q

–oversecretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system

A

Cystic fibrosis

121
Q

Respiratory rate change throughout life
Newborns –
Infants –
Age 5 –
Adults –
Rate often increases somewhat with old age

A

Newborns –40 to 80 respirations per minute
Infants –30 respirations per minute
Age 5 –25 respirations per minute
Adults –12 to 18 respirations per minute
Rate often increases somewhat with old age

AnaPhy (7 decks)

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