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AnaPhy > Digest S > Flashcards

Digest S Flashcards

1
Q
  • Breakdown of ingested food
  • Absorption of nutrients into the blood
A

Digestion

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2
Q

metabolism produces what energy

A

cellular energy (ATP)

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3
Q
  • Constructive and degradative cellular activities
A

metabolism

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4
Q

ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Two main group:

A
  • Alimentary canal - continuous coiled hollow tube
  • Accessory digestive organs
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5
Q

ORGANS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL (7)

A
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Anus
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6
Q

Mouth (ORAL CAVITY) Anatomy
* Lips (labia) -
* Cheeks -
* Hard palate -
* Soft palate -
* Uvula -
* Vestibule -
* Oral cavity -
* Tongue -
* Tonsils (2)

A
  • Lips (labia) - protect the anterior opening
  • Cheeks - form the lateral walls
  • Hard palate - forms the anterior roof
  • Soft palate - forms. the posterior roof
  • Uvula - fleshy projection of the soft palate
  • Vestibule - space between lips externally and teeth and gums internally
  • Oral cavity - area contained by the teeth
  • Tongue - attached at hyoid and styloid processes of the skull, and by the lingual frenulum
  • Tonsils
  • Palatine tonsils
  • Lingual tonsil
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7
Q

processes of mouth (4)

A
  • Mastication (chewing) of food
  • Mixing masticated food with saliva
  • Initiation of swallowing by the tongue
  • Allowing for the sense of taste
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8
Q

Pharynx anatomy
* Nasopharynx -
* Oropharynx -
* Laryngopharynx -

A
  • Nasopharynx - not part of the digestive system
  • Oropharynx -posterior to oral cavity
  • Laryngopharynx -below the oropharynx and connected to the esophagus
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9
Q

Serves as a passageway for air and food

A

pharynx

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10
Q
  • Food is propelled to the esophagus by two muscle layers
A
  • Longitudinal inner layer
  • Circular outer layer
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11
Q
  • Food movement is by alternating contractions of the
A

muscle layers (peristalsis)

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12
Q

Runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm

A

esophagus

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13
Q
  • Conducts food by peristalsis (slow rhythmic squeezing)
A

esophagus

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14
Q
  • Passageway for food only (respiratory system branches off after the pharynx)
A

esophagus

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15
Q

Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs

A

mucosa
* Innermost layer
* Moist membrane

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16
Q

layers of moist membrane (3)

A
  • Surface epithelium
  • Small amount of connective tissue (lamina propria)
  • Small smooth muscle layer
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17
Q

Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs (3)

A
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis externa - smootle muscle
  • Serosa
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18
Q
  • Just beneath the mucosa
  • Soft connective tissue with blood
A

submucosa

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19
Q
  • Inner circular layer
  • Outer longitudinal layer
A

Muscularis externa

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20
Q
  • Outermost layer - visceral peritoneum
  • Layer of serous fluid-producing cells
A
  • Serosa
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21
Q
  • Three separate networks of nerve fibers
A
  • Submucosal nerve plexus
  • Myenteric nerve plexus
  • Subserous plexus
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22
Q

Stomach is located on the

A

left side of the abdominal cavity

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23
Q

Food enters at the

A

cardioesophageal sphincter

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24
Q
  • Regions of the stomach (4)
A
  • Cardiac region - near the heart
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Phylorus - funnel-shaped terminal end
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25
Q
  • funnel-shaped terminal end
A

Phylorus

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26
Q

Food empties into the small intestine at the

A

pyloric sphincter

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27
Q

internal folds of the mucosa

A

Rugae

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28
Q
  • External regions of stomach
A
  • Lesser curvature
  • Greater curvature
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29
Q
  • Layers of peritoneum attached to the stomach (3)
A
  • Lesser omentum - attaches the liver to
    the lesser curvature
  • Greater omentum - attaches the greater
    curvature to the posterior body wall
  • Contains fat to insulate, cushion, and
    protect abdominal organs
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30
Q

attaches the liver to the lesser curvature

A

Lesser omentum

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31
Q

attaches the greater curvature to the posterior body wall

A

Greater omentum

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32
Q

Acts as a storage tank for food and site of food breakdown

A

stomach

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33
Q

Delivers____to the small intestine

A

chyme (processed food)

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34
Q

(processed food)

A

chyme

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35
Q

Specialized Mucosa of the Stomach

A
  • Simple columnar epithelium
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36
Q

Simple columnar epithelium
* Mucous neck cells -
* Gastric glands -
* Chief cells -
* Parietal cells -
* Endocrine cells -

A
  • Mucous neck cells - produce a sticky
    alkaline mucus
  • Gastric glands - secrete gastric juice
  • Chief cells - produce protein-digesting
    enzymes (pepsinogens)
  • Parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid
  • Endocrine cells - produce gastrin
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37
Q

Gastric pits formed by

A

folded mucosa

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38
Q

Glands and specialized cells are in the

A

gastric gland region

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39
Q

body’s major digestive organ and

A

small intestine

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40
Q

Site of nutrient absorption into the blood

A

small intestine

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41
Q

Small intestine is a muscular tube extending form the___ to the _____

A

pyloric sphincter
ileocecal valve

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42
Q

Small intestine is suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the

A

mesentery

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43
Q

Subdivisions of the Small Intestine (3)

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
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44
Q
  • Duodenum is attached to the
  • Jejunum is attached to the
  • Ileum extends from __ to ___
A

stomach
duodenum
jejunum to large intestine

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45
Q

Curves around the head of the pancreas

A

Duodenum

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46
Q
  • Source of enzymes that are mixed with chyme
A
  • Intestinal cells
  • Pancreas
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47
Q

Bile enters from the

A

gall bladder

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48
Q
  • Fingerlike structures formed by the mucosa
A

villi of the small intestine

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49
Q

give the small intestine more surface area

A

villi

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50
Q

Small projections of the plasma membrane

A

Microvilli of the Small Intestine

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51
Q
  • Found on absorptive cells
A

Microvilli of the Small Intestine

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52
Q

Structures Involved in Absorption of Nutrients (3)

A
  • Absorptive cells
  • Blood capillaries
  • Lacteals (specialized lymphatic capillaries)
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53
Q

Folds of the Small Intestine are called (2)

A

circular folds or plicae circulares

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54
Q

Deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa

A

Folds of the Small Intestine

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55
Q

Do not disappear when filled with food

A

Folds of the Small Intestine

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56
Q

The submucosa of the Folds of Small Intestine has

A

Peyer’s patches (collections of lymphatic tissue)

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57
Q

(collections of lymphatic tissue)

A

Peyer’s patches

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58
Q

Larger in diameter, but shorter than the small intestine

A

large intestine

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59
Q

Frames the internal abdomen

A

large intestine

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60
Q

Functions of the Large Intestine (4)

A
  • Absorption of water
  • Eliminates indigestible food from the body as
    feces
  • Does not participate in digestion of food
  • Goblet cells produce mucus to act as a lubricant
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61
Q
  • Does not participate in digestion of food
A

large Intestine

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62
Q

produce mucus to act as a lubricant

A

Goblet cells

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63
Q

saclike first part of the large intestine

A
  • Cecum -
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64
Q

Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that
sometimes becomes inflamed

A

(appendicitis)

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65
Q

Hangs from the cecum

A

appendix

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66
Q

Accumulation of lymphatic tissue

A

appendix

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67
Q
  • Colon (4)
A
  • Ascending
  • Transverse
  • Descending
  • S-shaped sigmoidal
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68
Q

Structures of the Large Intestine (3)

A
  • Colon
  • Rectum
  • Anus - external body opening
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69
Q

external body opening=

A

Anus

70
Q

Smooth muscle is reduced to

A

three bands (teniae coli)

71
Q
  • Walls are formed into pocketlike sacs called
A

haustra

72
Q

ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS (5)

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Teeth
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
  • Gall bladder
73
Q

Saliva-producing glands

A

SALIVARY GLANDS

74
Q
  • Saliva-producing glands (3)
A
  • Parotid glands - located anterior to ears
  • Submandibular glands
  • Sublingual glands
75
Q
  • Saliva-producing glands located anterior to ears
A

Parotid glands

76
Q

saliva is mixture of

A

mucus and serous fluids

77
Q

Saliva helps to form a

A

food bolus

78
Q

saliva contains ____ to begin starch digestion

A

salivary amylase

79
Q

Dissolves chemicals so they can be tasted

A

saliva

80
Q

The role is to masticate (chew) food

A

teeth

81
Q

how many sets of teeth does human have?

A

2

82
Q
  • ___(baby or milk) teeth
  • 20 teeth are fully formed by age___
A

Deciduous
two

83
Q

Replace deciduous teeth beginning
between the ages of 6 to 12

A

Permanent teeth

84
Q

Permanent teeth replace deciduous teeth beginning between the ages of

A

6 to 12

85
Q
  • A full set is ___teeth, but some people
    do not have __
A

32
wisdom teeth

86
Q

Classification of Teeth (4)

A
  • Incisors
  • Canines
  • Premolars
  • Molars
87
Q

Regions of a Tooth

A

crown
neck
root

88
Q
  • exposed part of teeth
A

crown

89
Q
  • Outer enamel
  • Dentin
  • Pulp cavity
A

Crown

90
Q
  • Region in contact with the gum
  • Connects crown to root
A

neck

91
Q

Periodontal membrane attached to the bone
* Root canal carrying blood vessels and
nerves

A

root

92
Q

Produces a wide spectrum of digestive enzymes that break down all categories of food

A

pancreas

93
Q

Enzymes are secreted into the

A

duodenum

94
Q

Alkaline fluid introduced with enzymic
neutralizes

A

acidic chyme

95
Q
  • Endocrine products of pancreas (2)
A
  • Insulin
  • Glucagons
96
Q

Largest gland in the body

A

liver

97
Q

Located on the right side of the body under the diaphragm

A

liver

98
Q

Liver consists of _____ suspended from the
____and ____ by the ___

A

four lobes

diaphragm
abdominal wall
falciform ligament

99
Q

liver is connected to the gall bladder via the common

A

hepatic duct

100
Q

Produced by cells in the liver

A

bile

101
Q

bile is composed of (5)

A
  • Bile salts
  • Bile pigment
  • Cholesterol
  • Phospholipids
  • Electrolytes
102
Q

(mostly bilirubin from the breakdown of hemoglobin)

A

Bile pigment

103
Q
  • Sac found in hollow fossa of liver
A

gall bladder

104
Q

liver stores bile from the liv by way of the

A

cystic duct

105
Q

Bile is introduced into the duodenum in the
presence of

A

fatty food

106
Q

can cause blockages

A

Gallstones

107
Q

Processes of the Digestive System
* Ingestion -
* Propulsion -
* Peristalsis -
* Segmentation -

A
  • Ingestion - getting food into the mouth
  • Propulsion - moving foods from one region of the digestive system to another
  • Peristalsis - alternating waves of contraction
  • Segmentation - moving materials back and forth to aid in mixing
108
Q

Mechanical digestion (3)

A
  • Mixing of food in the mouth by the
    tongue
  • Churning of food in the stomach
  • Segmentation in the small intestine
109
Q

chemical digestion (2)

A
  • Enzymes break down food molecules
    into their building blocks
  • Each major food group uses different
    enzymes
110
Q

Carbohydrates are broken to
Proteins are broken to
Fats are broken to (2)

A

simple sugars
amino acids
fatty acids and alcohols

111
Q

End products of digestion are absorbed
in the

A

blood or lymph

112
Q

Food must enter___ and then into ____

A

mucosal cells
blood or lymph capillaries

113
Q
  • Elimination of indigestible substances as
    feces
A

Defecation

114
Q

Digestive activity is mostly controlled by reflexes via the

A

parasympathetic division

115
Q

Chemical and mechanical receptors are located in organ walls that

A

trigger reflexes

116
Q

Stimuli include: (3)
Reflexes include: (2)

A
  • Stretch of the organ
  • PH of the contents
  • Presence of breakdown products
  • Activation or inhibition of glandular secretions
  • Smooth muscle activity
117
Q

Food is physically broken down by chewing

A

Mechanical breakdown

118
Q
  • Food is mixed with saliva
  • Breaking of starch into maltose by
    salivary amylase
A

chemical digestion

119
Q

Breaking of starch into ____ by salivary amylase

A

maltose

120
Q

(Swallowing)

A

Deglutition

121
Q

Deglutition (Swallowing)

A
  • Buccal phase
  • Voluntary
  • Occurs in the mouth
  • Food is formed into a bolus
  • The bolus is forced into the pharynx by
    the tongue
122
Q

The bolus is forced into the pharynx by
the

A

tongue

123
Q
  • Involuntary transport of the bolus
A

Pharyngeal-esophageal phase

124
Q
  • All passageways except to the stomach
    are blocked
A

Pharyngeal-esophageal phase

125
Q
  • Tongue blocks off the
  • Soft palate (uvula) blocks the
  • Epiglottis blocks the
A
  • Tongue blocks off the mouth
  • Soft palate (uvula) blocks the
    nasopharynx
  • Epiglottis blocks the larynx
126
Q
  • Peristalsis moves the bolus toward the
  • The ____ is opened when food presses against it
A

stomach
cardioesophageal sphincter

127
Q

Gastric juice is regulated by (2)

A

neural and hormonal factors

128
Q

Presence of food or falling pH causes the release of

A

gastrin

129
Q

causes stomach glands to produce
protein-digesting enzymes

A

Gastrin

130
Q

makes the stomach contents very acidic

A

Hydrocholoric acid

131
Q

Necessity of an Extremely Acid Environment in the Stomach

A
  • Activates pepsinogen to pepsin for protein digestion
  • Provides a hostile environment for
    microorganisms
132
Q

Extremely acid environment in the stomach activates ____ to___ for protein
digestion

A

pepsinogen
pepsin

133
Q
  • Protein digestion enzymes (2)
A
  • Pepsin - an active protein digesting
    enzyme
  • Rennin - works on digesting milk protein
134
Q
  • an active protein digesting enzyme
  • works on digesting milk protein
A
  • Pepsin - an active protein digesting
    enzyme
  • Rennin - works on digesting milk protein
135
Q

The only absorption that occurs in the stomach is of (2)

A

alcohol and aspirin

136
Q

Food must first be well ___
____occurs in the lower stomach

A

mixed
Rippling peristalsis

137
Q

meters out chyme into the small intestine (30 ml at a time)

A

pylorus

138
Q

The stomach empties in

A

four to six hours

139
Q

Enzymes from the brush border
* Break double sugars into ____
* Complete some ____

A
  • Break double sugars into simple sugars
  • Complete some protein digestion
140
Q

play the major digestive function

A

Pancreatic enzymes

141
Q
  • Help complete digestion of starch
    ___
  • Carry out about half of all protein
    digestion ___
A

(pancreatic amylase)
(trypsin, etc.)

142
Q

Water is absorbed along the length of the

A

small intestine

143
Q
  • Most substances are absorbed by ____ through cell membranes
  • Lipids are absorbed by __
A

active transport
diffusion

144
Q

Substances are transported to the___ by the _____

A

liver
hepatic portal vein or lymph

145
Q

major means of moving food

A

Peristalsis

146
Q
  • Segmental movements
  • Mix chyme with ___
  • Aid in propelling food
A

digestive juices

147
Q

in large intestine ___ enzymes are produced

A

no digestive

148
Q

Absorbed in large intestine (3)

A

Water
Vit K
Vit B

149
Q

Propulsion in the Large Intestine

A
  • Sluggish peristalsis
  • Mass movements
  • Presence of feces in the rectum causes a
    defecation reflex
150
Q
  • Slow, powerful movements
  • Occur three to four times per day
A

mass movements

151
Q

Presence of feces in the rectum causes a

A

defecation reflex

152
Q

Defecation occurs with relaxation of the

A

voluntary (external) anal sphincter

153
Q

Regulation of Food Intake (1)

A
  • Body weight is usually relatively stable
154
Q
  • Mechanisms that may regulate food intake (4)
A
  • Levels of nutrients in the blood
  • Hormones
  • Body temperature
  • Psychological factors
155
Q
  • amount of heat produced by the body per unit of time at rest
A

Basic metabolic rate (BMR)

156
Q
  • Factors that influence BMR (4)
A
  • Surface area
  • Gender
  • Age
  • thyroxine produced
157
Q
  • small body usually has higher BMR
A
  • Surface area
158
Q
  • males tend to have higher BMR
A

Gender

159
Q

Age- ___ and ___ have a higher BMR

A

children and adolescents

160
Q

High thyroxine=

A

higher metabolic rate

161
Q

Total amount of kilocalories the body must
consume to fuel ongoing activities

A

total metabolic rate (TMR)

162
Q

TMR must equal ___consumed to maintain
homeostasis and maintain a constant weight

A

calories

163
Q

The alimentary canal is a continuous tube by the __ of development

A

fifth week

164
Q

___ from the mucosa of the alimentary tube

A

Digestive glands bud

165
Q

The developing fetus receives all nutrients
through the

A

placenta

166
Q

In newborns, feeding must be___,
peristalsis is ___, and vomiting is ___

A

frequent
inefficient
common

167
Q

Teething begins around age

A

six months

168
Q

Metabolism decreases with

A

old age

169
Q

Middle age digestive problems (2)

A
  • Ulcers
  • Gall bladder problems
170
Q
  • Activity of digestive tract in old age
    -Digestive Juices
    -Peristalsis
    -Common disease (2)
A
  • Fewer digestive juices
  • Peristalsis slows
  • Diverticulosis and cancer are more common

AnaPhy (7 decks)

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