Cardio S Flashcards by Mary Jane Inocencio

The cardiovascular system is a ___ of the heart and blood vessels

closed system

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the heart pumps blood into ___

blood vessels

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____ circulate the blood to all parts of the body, to ALL cells

blood vessels

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Function of cardiovasclar system (3)

-deliver oxygen and nutrients to all body cells
-transport enzymes and hormones
- remove carbon dioxide and other waste products from the cells

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location of the heart (2)

thoracic cavity
in the mediastinum, between the lungs

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The heart is ___ to the lungs, ___ to the sternum, ____ to the vertebral column, and ____ to the diaphragm.

Its distal end, the ___, points to the ___, terminating at the level of the 5th intercostal space.

medial
posterior
anterior
superior

apex
left

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Size of the heart

person’s fist & less than 1 pound
~ 14 cm long; 9 cm wide

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COVERINGS OF THE HEART(2)

a) pericardium (or pericardial sac)
b) serous fluid

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COVERINGS OF THE HEART
A.
1.
2.
B.

COVERINGS OF THE HEART
a) pericardium (or pericardial sac)
1) fibrous pericardium
2) double layered serous membrane
b) serous fluid

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sac made of tough connective tissue

fibrous pericardium

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double layered serous membrane: (2)

a. parietal pericardium
b. visceral pericardium (a.k.a. epicardium) –covers the heart

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-covers the heart

visceral pericardium (a.k.a. epicardium)

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fills the pericardial cavity between parietal & visceral layers

serous fluid

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heart wall (3)

a) epicardium (aka visceral pericardium)
b) myocardium
c) endocardium

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HEART WALL
a) epicardium (aka visceral pericardium)-
b) myocardium -
c) endocardium-

HEART WALL
a) epicardium (aka visceral pericardium) outside layer of connective tissue on surface of the heart
b) myocardium = thick wall of cardiac muscle
c) endocardium—inner epithelial & connective tissue lining of heart and valves

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CHAMBERS OF THE HEART (4)

atrium (R and L)
ventricle (R and L)

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—receive blood

atrium (R & L)

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inferior to the atria; expel blood out of the heart

ventricle (R & L

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each atria extends into a smaller, external chamber called an

auricle

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The chambers on the left are separated from the chambers on the right by a

septum (wall of cardiac muscle

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two septum

o interatrial septum
o Interventricular septum

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are flaps that allow blood to flow in only one direction

heart valves

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Division oh heart halves
A.
1.
2.
B.
1.
2.

A) atrioventricular (AV) valves
o bicuspid/mitral valve (left side)
o tricuspid valve (right side)

B) semilunar valves
* pulmonary valve (R ventricle &
* aortic valve (L ventricle & aorta)

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between each atrium and ventricle; allow blood flow from each atrium down into the ventricle

atrioventricular (AV) valves

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-between ventricle and major heart artery; allow blood flow out of each ventricle through one of the major heart arteries; 3 cusps

semilunar valves

The valve cusps are held in place by _____ which originate from _____protruding from the inside of the ventricle wall

chordae tendineae (“heart strings”) papillary muscles

* when a chamber wall contracts blood is pumped through a

valve

* any backflow increases pressure on the___ and ___

cusps and closes the valves

___ close during ventricular contraction; papillary muscles also contract pulling the ____ which keep the valve cusps from prolapsing back into the atrium

AV valves chordae tendineae

“lub” = “dup” =

“lub” = when AV valves close “dup” = when semilunar valves close

an incompetent valve can lead to backflow, heard as a “____” and r___ of the same blood

heart murmur epumping (regurgitation)

= narrowing of valveincreases workload on heart to pump out blood

stenosis

Treatment for faulty valve

valve repair or replacement

PATHS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION * aorta * pulmonary arterieslungs * vena cava * pulmonary veins

PATHS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION * aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to upper & lower body * pulmonary arteries: carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs * vena cava: carries deoxygenated blood from upper & lower body into right atria * pulmonary veins: carry oxygenated blood from lungs into left atria

circulation of blood in the arteries and veins that supply the heart muscle (myocardium).

Coronary circuit

The blood flowing through the heart chambers ____ nourish the myocardium

does NOT

refers to the series of contractions & relaxations of the heart to produce a complete heartbeat

. A cardiac cycle

o systole = o diastole =

o systole = contraction o diastole = relaxation

What happens during diastole and systole

DIASTOLE I. Atria and ventricles fill with blood II. Atria contract (simultaneously) to complete the filling of ventricles; ventricles are relaxed SYSTOLE III. Ventricles contract forcing blood up and out of the heart arteries; AV valves shut (“lup”) IV. Backflow in the aorta & pulmonary arteries cause semilunar valves to shut (“dup”)

difference between lup and dup

lup-AV valves shut dup-semilunar valves to shut

is an intrinsic, nodal conduction system that regulates heart wall contractions via electrical impulses

CONDUCTION SYSTEM

CONDUCTION SYSTEM i. sinoatrial (SA) node = ii. atrioventricular (AV) node iii. atrioventricular bundle or Bundle of His iv. bundle branches (right and left) v. Purkinje fibers (in the myocardium wall)

i. sinoatrial (SA) node = “pacemaker” (located in the wall of the right atrium) ii. atrioventricular (AV) node (in septum at the junction of the R & L atria) iii. atrioventricular bundle or Bundle of His (in the interventricular septum) iv. bundle branches (right and left) v. Purkinje fibers (in the myocardium wall)

Contraction is initiated by the

sinoatrial node

Sequential stimulation occurs at other

autorhythmic cells

* Atria contract

simultaneously

Atria relax, then _____ contract

ventricles

* Systole = * Diastole =

* Systole = contraction * Diastole = relaxation

* Cardiac cycle *Mid-to-late diastole *Ventricular systole *Early diastole

* Cardiac cycle– events of one complete heart beat ventricles *Mid-to-late diastole– blood flows into ventricles *Ventricular systole– blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood *Early diastole– atria finish re-filling, ventricular pressure is low

Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute

Cardiac output (CO)

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction

Stroke volume

the more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction

Starling’s law of the heart

most common way to change cardiac output

Changing heart rate

Increased heart rate (4) and division under

* Increased heart rate *Sympathetic nervous system *Crisis *Low blood pressure *Hormones *Epinephrine *Thyroxine *Exercise *Decreased blood volume

Decreased heart rate (1) and division under

* Decreased heart rate *Parasympathetic nervous system *Parasympathetic nervous system *High blood pressure or blood volume *Dereased venous return

Taking blood to the tissues and back (6)

*Arteries *Arterioles *Arterioles *Capillaries *Venules *Veins

Three layers tunic

*Tunic intima *Tunic media *Tunic externa

Type of tissue in *Tunic intima *Tunic media *Tunic externa

*Tunic intima-Endothelium *Tunic media- Smooth muscle *Tunic externa- fibrous connective tissue

Walls of ____ are the thickest ___ of veins are larger

arteries Lumens

“milks” blood in veins toward the heart

Skeletal muscle

Walls of capillaries are only __ layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue

one cell

Most arterial blood is pumped by the

heart

use the milking action of muscles to help move blood

Veins

Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels types of vessels

Vascular shunt True capillaries

exchange vessels

True capillaries

(2) cross into blood

Carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products

pressure wave of blood

pulse

Monitored at “__” where pulse is easily palpated

pressure points

Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries

blood pressure

Systolic– Diastolic–

Systolic– pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction Diastolic– pressure when ventricles relax

Pressure in blood vessels decreases as the ____away from the heart increases

distance

Autonomic nervous system adjustments (sympathetic division)

neural factors

Regulation by altering blood volume *Renin– hormonal control

renal factors

Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors (5)

* Neural factors * Renal factors * Temperature * Chemicals * Diet

*Heat has a vasodilation effect *Cold has a vasoconstricting effect

temperature

*Various substances can cause increases or decreases

Chemicals

Blood pressure -normal -hypotension -hypertension

e *Normal *140–110 mm Hg systolic *80–75 mm Hg diastolic *Hypotension *Low systolic (below 110 mm HG) *Often associated with illness *Hypertension *High systolic (above 140 mm HG) *Can be dangerous if it is chronic

Substances exchanged due to concentration gradients

capillary exchange

Direct diffusion across plasma membranes

capillary exchange

mechanism of capillary exchange (2)

Endocytosis or exocytosis

capillaries gaps

(intercellular clefts)

example of intercellular clefts

plasma membrane

pores

Fenestrations

Developmental Aspects of Cardiovascular System -fourth week - end of the seventh week -after seventh week

-fourth week- tube heart - end of the seventh week- four-chambered organ -after seventh week- few structural changes