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AnaPhy > Cardio S > Flashcards

Cardio S Flashcards

1
Q

The cardiovascular system is a ___ of the heart and blood vessels

A

closed system

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2
Q
  • the heart pumps blood into ___
A

blood vessels

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3
Q

____ circulate the blood to all parts of the body, to ALL cells

A

blood vessels

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4
Q

Function of cardiovasclar system (3)

A

-deliver oxygen and nutrients to all body cells
-transport enzymes and hormones
- remove carbon dioxide and other waste products from the cells

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5
Q

location of the heart (2)

A
  • thoracic cavity
  • in the mediastinum, between the lungs
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6
Q
  • The heart is ___ to the lungs, ___ to the sternum, ____ to the vertebral column, and ____ to the diaphragm.

Its distal end, the ___, points to the ___, terminating at the level of the 5th intercostal space.

A

medial
posterior
anterior
superior

apex
left

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7
Q

Size of the heart

A

person’s fist & less than 1 pound
~ 14 cm long; 9 cm wide

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8
Q

COVERINGS OF THE HEART(2)

A

a) pericardium (or pericardial sac)
b) serous fluid

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9
Q

COVERINGS OF THE HEART
A.
1.
2.
B.

A

COVERINGS OF THE HEART
a) pericardium (or pericardial sac)
1) fibrous pericardium
2) double layered serous membrane
b) serous fluid

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10
Q

sac made of tough connective tissue

A

fibrous pericardium

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11
Q

double layered serous membrane: (2)

A

a. parietal pericardium
b. visceral pericardium (a.k.a. epicardium) –covers the heart

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12
Q

-covers the heart

A

visceral pericardium (a.k.a. epicardium)

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13
Q

fills the pericardial cavity between parietal & visceral layers

A

serous fluid

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14
Q

heart wall (3)

A

a) epicardium (aka visceral pericardium)
b) myocardium
c) endocardium

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15
Q

HEART WALL
a) epicardium (aka visceral pericardium)-
b) myocardium -
c) endocardium-

A

HEART WALL
a) epicardium (aka visceral pericardium) outside layer of connective tissue on surface of the heart
b) myocardium = thick wall of cardiac muscle
c) endocardium—inner epithelial & connective tissue lining of heart and valves

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16
Q

CHAMBERS OF THE HEART (4)

A

atrium (R and L)
ventricle (R and L)

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17
Q

—receive blood

A
  • atrium (R & L)
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18
Q

inferior to the atria; expel blood out of the heart

A
  • ventricle (R & L
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19
Q

each atria extends into a smaller, external chamber called an

A

auricle

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20
Q
  • The chambers on the left are separated from the chambers on the right by a
A

septum (wall of cardiac muscle

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21
Q

two septum

A

o interatrial septum
o Interventricular septum

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22
Q

are flaps that allow blood to flow in only one direction

A

heart valves

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23
Q

Division oh heart halves
A.
1.
2.
B.
1.
2.

A

A) atrioventricular (AV) valves
o bicuspid/mitral valve (left side)
o tricuspid valve (right side)

B) semilunar valves
* pulmonary valve (R ventricle &
* aortic valve (L ventricle & aorta)

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24
Q

between each atrium and ventricle; allow blood flow from each atrium down into the ventricle

A

atrioventricular (AV) valves

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25
Q

-between ventricle and major heart artery; allow blood flow out of each ventricle through one of the major heart arteries; 3 cusps

A

semilunar valves

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26
Q

The valve cusps are held in place by _____ which originate from _____protruding from the inside of the ventricle wall

A

chordae tendineae (“heart strings”)
papillary muscles

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27
Q
  • when a chamber wall contracts blood is pumped through a
A

valve

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28
Q
  • any backflow increases pressure on the___ and ___
A

cusps and closes the valves

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29
Q

___ close during ventricular contraction; papillary muscles also contract pulling the ____ which keep the valve cusps from prolapsing back into the atrium

A

AV valves
chordae tendineae

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30
Q

“lub” =
“dup” =

A

“lub” = when AV valves close
“dup” = when semilunar valves close

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31
Q

an incompetent valve can lead to backflow, heard as a “____” and r___ of the same blood

A

heart murmur
epumping (regurgitation)

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32
Q

= narrowing of valveincreases workload on heart to pump out blood

A

stenosis

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33
Q

Treatment for faulty valve

A

valve repair or replacement

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34
Q

PATHS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
* aorta
* pulmonary arterieslungs
* vena cava
* pulmonary veins

A

PATHS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
* aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to upper & lower body
* pulmonary arteries: carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs
* vena cava: carries deoxygenated blood from upper & lower body into right atria
* pulmonary veins: carry oxygenated blood from lungs into left atria

35
Q

circulation of blood in the arteries and veins that supply the heart muscle (myocardium).

A

Coronary circuit

36
Q

The blood flowing through the heart chambers ____ nourish the myocardium

A

does NOT

37
Q

refers to the series of contractions & relaxations of the heart to produce a complete heartbeat

A

. A cardiac cycle

38
Q

o systole =
o diastole =

A

o systole = contraction
o diastole = relaxation

39
Q

What happens during diastole and systole

A

DIASTOLE
I. Atria and ventricles fill with blood
II. Atria contract (simultaneously) to complete the filling of ventricles; ventricles are relaxed
SYSTOLE
III. Ventricles contract forcing blood up and out of the heart arteries; AV valves shut (“lup”)
IV. Backflow in the aorta & pulmonary arteries cause semilunar valves to shut (“dup”)

40
Q

difference between lup and dup

A

lup-AV valves shut
dup-semilunar valves to shut

41
Q

is an intrinsic, nodal conduction system that regulates heart wall contractions via electrical impulses

A

CONDUCTION SYSTEM

42
Q

CONDUCTION SYSTEM
i. sinoatrial (SA) node =
ii. atrioventricular (AV) node
iii. atrioventricular bundle or Bundle of His
iv. bundle branches (right and left)
v. Purkinje fibers (in the myocardium wall)

A

i. sinoatrial (SA) node = “pacemaker” (located in the wall of the right atrium)
ii. atrioventricular (AV) node (in septum at the junction of the R & L atria)
iii. atrioventricular bundle or Bundle of His (in the interventricular septum)
iv. bundle branches (right and left)
v. Purkinje fibers (in the myocardium wall)

43
Q

Contraction is initiated by the

A

sinoatrial node

44
Q

Sequential stimulation occurs at other

A

autorhythmic cells

45
Q
  • Atria contract
A

simultaneously

46
Q

Atria relax, then _____ contract

A

ventricles

47
Q
  • Systole =
  • Diastole =
A
  • Systole = contraction
  • Diastole = relaxation
48
Q
  • Cardiac cycle
    *Mid-to-late diastole
    *Ventricular systole
    *Early diastole
A
  • Cardiac cycle– events of one complete heart beat ventricles
    *Mid-to-late diastole– blood flows into ventricles
    *Ventricular systole– blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood
    *Early diastole– atria finish re-filling, ventricular pressure is low
49
Q

Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute

A

Cardiac output (CO)

50
Q

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction

A

Stroke volume

51
Q

the more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction

A

Starling’s law of the heart

52
Q

most common way to change cardiac output

A

Changing heart rate

53
Q

Increased heart rate (4) and division under

A
  • Increased heart rate

*Sympathetic nervous system
*Crisis
*Low blood pressure
*Hormones
*Epinephrine
*Thyroxine
*Exercise
*Decreased blood volume

54
Q

Decreased heart rate (1) and division under

A
  • Decreased heart rate

*Parasympathetic nervous system
*Parasympathetic nervous system
*High blood pressure or blood volume
*Dereased venous return

55
Q

Taking blood to the tissues and back (6)

A

*Arteries
*Arterioles
*Arterioles
*Capillaries
*Venules
*Veins

56
Q

Three layers tunic

A

*Tunic intima
*Tunic media
*Tunic externa

57
Q

Type of tissue in
*Tunic intima
*Tunic media
*Tunic externa

A

*Tunic intima-Endothelium
*Tunic media- Smooth muscle
*Tunic externa- fibrous connective tissue

58
Q

Walls of ____ are the thickest
___ of veins are larger

A

arteries
Lumens

59
Q

“milks” blood in veins toward the heart

A

Skeletal muscle

60
Q

Walls of capillaries are only __ layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue

A

one cell

61
Q

Most arterial blood is pumped by the

A

heart

62
Q

use the milking action of muscles to help move blood

A

Veins

63
Q

Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels types of vessels

A

Vascular shunt
True capillaries

64
Q

exchange vessels

A

True capillaries

65
Q

(2) cross into blood

A

Carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products

66
Q

pressure wave of blood

A

pulse

67
Q

Monitored at “__” where pulse is easily palpated

A

pressure points

68
Q

Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries

A

blood pressure

69
Q

Systolic–
Diastolic–

A

Systolic– pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction
Diastolic– pressure when ventricles relax

70
Q

Pressure in blood vessels decreases as the ____away from the heart increases

A

distance

71
Q

Autonomic nervous system adjustments (sympathetic division)

A

neural factors

72
Q

Regulation by altering blood volume
*Renin– hormonal control

A

renal factors

73
Q

Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors (5)

A
  • Neural factors
  • Renal factors
  • Temperature
  • Chemicals
  • Diet
74
Q

*Heat has a vasodilation effect
*Cold has a vasoconstricting effect

A

temperature

75
Q

*Various substances can cause increases or decreases

A

Chemicals

76
Q

Blood pressure
-normal
-hypotension
-hypertension

A

e
*Normal
*140–110 mm Hg systolic
*80–75 mm Hg diastolic

*Hypotension
*Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)
*Often associated with illness

*Hypertension
*High systolic (above 140 mm HG)
*Can be dangerous if it is chronic

77
Q

Substances exchanged due to concentration gradients

A

capillary exchange

78
Q

Direct diffusion across plasma membranes

A

capillary exchange

79
Q

mechanism of capillary exchange (2)

A

Endocytosis or exocytosis

80
Q

capillaries gaps

A

(intercellular clefts)

81
Q

example of intercellular clefts

A

plasma membrane

82
Q

pores

A

Fenestrations

83
Q

Developmental Aspects of Cardiovascular System
-fourth week
- end of the seventh week
-after seventh week

A

-fourth week- tube heart
- end of the seventh week- four-chambered organ
-after seventh week- few structural changes

AnaPhy (7 decks)

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