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AnaPhy > B > Flashcards

B Flashcards

1
Q

The only fluid tissue in the human body

A

blood

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2
Q

blood is classified as a

A

connective tissue

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3
Q
  • Color range of blood
    o Oxygen-rich blood is
    o Oxygen-poor blood is
A

o Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red
o Oxygen-poor blood is dull red

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4
Q

pH od blood must remain between

A

7.35–7.45

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5
Q

Blood temperature is ___ than body temperature

A

slightly higher

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6
Q

composed of approximately 90 percent water

A

blood plasma

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7
Q

blood is composed of approximately ___water

A

90 percent

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8
Q

blood plasma includes many dissolved substances (6)

A

o Nutrients
o Salts (metal ions)
o Respiratory gases
o Hormones
o Proteins
o Waste products

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9
Q

plasma proteins (3)

A

albumin, clotting proteins, antibodies

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10
Q

Albumin –
Clotting proteins –
Antibodies –

A

Albumin –regulates osmotic pressure
Clotting proteins –help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
Antibodies –help protect the body from antigens

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11
Q

–regulates osmotic pressure

A

Albumin

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12
Q

–help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured

A

Clotting proteins

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13
Q

–help protect the body from antigens

A

Antibodies

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14
Q

formed elements (2)

A

Erythrocytes = red blood cells
Leukocytes = white blood cells
Platelets = cell fragments

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15
Q

Erythrocytes =
Leukocytes =
Platelets =

A

Erythrocytes = red blood cells
Leukocytes = white blood cells
Platelets = cell fragments

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16
Q

the main function of Erythrocytes is to carry

A

oxygen

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17
Q

Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes (5)

A
  • Biconcave disks
  • Essentially bags of hemoglobin
  • Anucleate (no nucleus)
  • Contain very few organelles
  • Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1
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18
Q

erythrocytes outnumber white blood cells by

A

1000:1

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19
Q

what type of nucleus does erythrocytes have

A
  • Anucleate (no nucleus)
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20
Q

Iron-containing protein

A

hemoglobin

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21
Q

Hemoglobin binds strongly, but reversibly, to

A

oxygen

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22
Q
  • Each hemoglobin molecule has ___binding sites
A

four oxygen

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23
Q
  • Each erythrocyte has ______ molecules
A

250 million hemoglobin

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24
Q
  • Crucial in the body’s defense against disease
A

leukocytes

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25
Q

Type of cells that leukocytes have

A

complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles

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26
Q

leukocytes can move in what way in blood vessels

A

move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis)

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27
Q

leukocytes can move by

A

ameboid motion

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28
Q
  • Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues
A

leukocytes

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29
Q

Normal levels of leukocytes in blood is between ___ cells per millimeter

A

4,000 and 11,000

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30
Q

above normal leukocyte levels is called

A

leukocytosis

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31
Q

Abnormally high leukocyte level _____ eukocytes/ml

A

11,000 leukocytes/ml

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32
Q

leukocytosis indicates an

A

infection

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33
Q

o Abnormally low leukocyte level

A

leukopenia

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34
Q

o Commonly caused by certain drugs

A

leukopenia

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35
Q

Types of leukocytes (2) and their types under

A
  1. GRANULOCYTES
    Neutrophils
    Eosinophils
    Basophils
  2. AGRANULOCYTES
    Lymphocytes
    Monocytes
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36
Q

the___ in their cytoplasm of leukocytes can be stained

A

granules

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37
Q

o Multilobed nucleus with fine granules

A

neutrophils

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38
Q

Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection

A

neutrophils

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39
Q

o Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules

A

Eosinophils

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40
Q

o Found in repsonse to allergies and parasitic worms

A

Eosinophils

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41
Q

o Have histamine-containing granules

A

Basophils

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42
Q

o Initiate inflammation

A

Basophils

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43
Q

o Lack visible cytoplasmic granules

A

Agranulocytes

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44
Q

Include lymphocytes and monocytes

A

Agranulocytes

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45
Q

o Nucleus fills most of the cell

A

Lymphocytes

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46
Q

o Play an important role in the immune response

A

Lymphocytes

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47
Q

o Largest of the white blood cells

A

Monocytes

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48
Q

o Function as macrophages

A

Monocytes

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49
Q

o Important in fighting chronic infection

50
Q
  • Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)
51
Q

Platelets are derived from ruptured

A

multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)

52
Q
  • Needed for the clotting process
53
Q
  • Normal platelet count =
A

300,000/mm3

54
Q
  • Blood cell formation
A

HEMATOPOIESIS

55
Q

HEMATOPOIESIS occurs in

A

red bone marrow

56
Q
  • All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell
A

(hemocytoblast)

57
Q
  • Lymphoid stem cell produces
A

lymphocytes

58
Q

Produces other formed elements

A

Myeloid stem

59
Q
  • Hemocytoblast differentiation (2)
A
  • Lymphoid stem cell
  • Myeloid stem cell
60
Q

fate of erythrocytes

A
  • Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
61
Q

Erythrocytes wear out in

A

100 to 120 days

62
Q

Erythrocytes when worn out, are eliminated by___ in the __ or ___

A

phagocytes
spleen or liver

63
Q

Lost cells of Erythrocytes are replaced by

A

division of hemocytoblasts

64
Q

Rate of erythrocyte production is controlled by a

A

hormone (erythropoietin)

65
Q

produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood

66
Q

Homeostasis is maintained by ____ from blood oxygen levels

A

negative feedback

67
Q
  • Stoppage of blood flow
A

hemostasis

68
Q

Hemostasis is a result of a break in a

A

blood vessel

69
Q

Hemostasis involves three phases

A

o Platelet plug formation
o Vascular spasms
o Coagulation

70
Q

are exposed by a break in a blood vessel

A

Collagen fibers

71
Q

Platelets become “___” and cling to__

A

sticky
fibers

72
Q

release chemicals to attract more platelets

A

Anchored platelets

73
Q
  • Platelets pile up to form a
A

platelet plug

74
Q

Anchored platelets release

75
Q

causes blood vessel muscles to spasm

76
Q

narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss

77
Q
  • Injured tissues release
A

thromboplastin

78
Q

converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme

A
  • Prothrombin activator
79
Q

blood clot is formed, liquid to gel

A

coagulation

80
Q

____interacts with thromboplastin blood protein clotting factors, and ___ to trigger a clotting cascade

A

PF3 (a phospholipid)
thromboplastin

calcium ions

81
Q

___ joins ___ proteins into hair-like fibrin

A

Thrombin
fibrinogen

82
Q

Fibrin forms a

A

meshwork (the basis for a clot)

83
Q
  • Blood usually clots within
A

3 to 6 minutes

84
Q
  • The clot remains as
A

endothelium regenerates

85
Q
  • The clot is broken down after
A

tissue repair

86
Q

UNDESIRABLE CLOTTING (2)

A

thrombus
embolus

87
Q
  • A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
  • Can be deadly in areas like the heart
88
Q
  • A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream
89
Q
  • Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain
90
Q

-clog vessel in brain
-clot in heart

A

-embolus
-thrombus

91
Q

bleeding disorders

A
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Hemophilia
92
Q

o Platelet deficiency

A
  • Thrombocytopenia
93
Q

o Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting

A
  • Thrombocytopenia
94
Q

o Hereditary bleeding disorder

A
  • Hemophilia
95
Q

o Normal clotting factors are missing

A
  • Hemophilia
96
Q

o Loss of __ to ___percent causes weakness
o Loss of ____percent causes shock, which can be fatal

A

15 to 30

over 30

98
Q

are the only way to replace blood quickly

A
  • Transfusions
99
Q
  • Blood contains genetically determined
100
Q

may be attacked by the immune system

A

foreign protein (antigen)

101
Q
  • Blood is “typed” by using ___that will cause blood with certain proteins to ___
A

antibodies
clump (agglutination)

102
Q
  • There are over___ common red blood cell antigens
103
Q
  • The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by___ and ___antigens
A

ABO and Rh blood group

104
Q
  • Based on the presence or absence of two antigens
A

ABO blood groups

105
Q

ABO Blood Groups is based on the presence or absence of two antigens

A

o Type A
o Type B

106
Q

o Type A
o Type B
The lack of these antigens is called type

107
Q
  • The presence of both A and B is called
108
Q

_____

Named because of the presence or absence of one of _____

A

Rh Blood Groups
eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D)

109
Q
  • Most Americans are
110
Q
  • Danger is only when the mother is___and the father is __, and the child inherits the __
A

Rh–
Rh+

Rh+ factor

111
Q

disease of the newborn, mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the ___

A

hemolytic disease

112
Q
  • Blood samples are mixed with
A

anti-A and anti-B serum

113
Q

leads to determining blood type

A
  • Coagulation or no coagulation
114
Q
  • Typing for___ and __ is done in the same manner
A

ABO and Rh factors

115
Q

–testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa

A
  • Cross matching
116
Q
  • Sites of blood cell formation
117
Q
  • The fetal ___ and __ are early sites of blood cell formation
A

liver and spleen

118
Q

In the development aspects of blood

Bone marrow takes over ___ by the __

A

hematopoiesis

seventh month

119
Q

___ differs from ___ produced after birth

A

Fetal hemoglobin
hemoglobin

AnaPhy (7 decks)

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