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AnaPhy > Lymph S > Flashcards

Lymph S Flashcards

1
Q

______ carries excess interstitial fluid from tissues back to ______ and provides locations for immune cells to monitor the body.

A

lymphatic system
cardiovascular circulation

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2
Q

_____ take in fluids from the extracellular space and carry them through ___, where immune cells scan the fluids for foreign particles.

A

Porous lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes

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3
Q

Fluid must be returned to circulation via ____ to maintain cardiovascular function, and_____ ate necessary to monitor the body for infection.

A

lymphatics
lymph nodes

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4
Q

lymphatics is also known as

A

lymph vessel

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5
Q

help maintain the body’s fluid balance, absorb fats from the digestive tract, and provide immune defense against microorganisms and disease

A

lymphatics

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6
Q

Lymphatics form an elaborate drainage system that picks up this excess _____ and returns it to the __

A

interstitial fluid (lymph)
blood

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7
Q

lymph is also called

A

lymphatic fluid

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8
Q
  • a collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues in your body and isn’t reabsorbed into your capillaries.
A

lymph

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9
Q
  • Lymph contains many substances, including (6)
A

proteins, minerals, fats, damaged cells, cancer cells and germs

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10
Q

Lymph nodes
-shape
-how long
-surrounded by

A
  • Lymph nodes are kidney-shaped, about 1 centimeter long, and surrounded by a fibrous capsule trabeculae that extend inward to divide the node into a number of compartments
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11
Q

____Help protect the body by removing foreign material such as bacteria and tumor cells from the lymphatic stream and by providing a place where ____that function in the immune response can be activated

A

lymph nodes
lymphocytes

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12
Q

is a soft organ located in the left side of the abdominal cavity, just beneath the diaphragm, that curls around the anterolateral aspect of the stomach.

A

Spleen

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13
Q

Spleen
-located at
-beneath
-curls around

A

located in the left side of the abdominal cavity, just beneath the diaphragm, that curls around the anterolateral aspect of the stomach.

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14
Q

filters and cleanses blood of bacteria, viruses, and other debris.

A

spleen

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15
Q

provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance

A

spleen

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16
Q

destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of their breakdown products to the liver

A

spleen

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17
Q

organ primarily responsible for the production and maturation of immune cells

A

thymus

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18
Q

small masses of lymphoid tissue deep to the mucosa surrounding the pharynx

A

tonsils

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19
Q

Their job is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat.

A

tonsils

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20
Q

Resembles like tonsils

A

Peyer’s patches, the appendix

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21
Q

part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues referred to as mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

Peyer’s patches, the appendix and tonsils

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22
Q

Peyer’s patches, the appendix acts as a ____ to protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from the constant attacks of foreign matter entering those cavities.

A

sentinel

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23
Q

unique group of aggressive lymphocytes that can lyse (burst) and kill cancer cells, virus infected body cells, or any nonspecific targets

A

natural killer cells

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24
Q

natural killer cells attack target cell’s membrane and release lytic chemicals called ____, which pokes holes in the membrane, and granzymes (enzymes), which degrade target cell contents.

A

perforin

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25
Q

cells also release powerful inflammatory chemical

A

natural killer cells

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26
Q

inflammatory response

A

nonspecific response that is triggered whenever body tissues are injured

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27
Q

The four most common cardinal signs of acute inflammation are

A

redness, heat, pain, and swelling (edema).

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28
Q

engulfs a foreign particle by the process of phagocytosis

A

A phagocyte, such as a macrophage or neutrophil

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29
Q

phagocyte (2)

A

macrophage
neutrophil

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30
Q

Flowing cytoplasmic extensions bind to the particle and then pull it inside, forming a

A

phagocytic vesicle

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31
Q

phagocytic vesicle then then fuses with a _____, where enzymes digest its contents.

A

lysosome

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32
Q

where enzymes digest its contents.

A

lysosome

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33
Q

antimicrobial proteins (2)

A

complement
interferon

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34
Q

refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive state, much like inactive clotting proteins.

A

complement

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35
Q

how is complement activated?

A

when complement becomes attached, or fixed, to foreign cells such as bacteria, fungi, or mismatched red blood cells, it is activated and becomes a major factor in the fight against foreign cells

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36
Q

complement initiates

A

opsonization

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37
Q

any of several related proteins that are produced by the body’s cells as a defensive response to viruses.

A

interferon

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38
Q

They are important modulators of the immune response

A

interferon

39
Q

Interferons can also combat bacterial _____, _____, and _____ the differentiation of cells

A

parasitic infections
inhibit cell division
promote or impede

40
Q

abnormally high body temperature, is a systemic response to invading microorganisms

A

fever

41
Q

chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign cells or substances in the body

A

pyrogens

42
Q

a functional system that molecules called antigens and acts to inactivate or destroy them

A

adaptive immune system

43
Q

antigen specific -
systemic -
“memory” -

A

It is antigen specific - it recognizes and acts against particular pathogens or foreign substances.
* It is systemic - immunity is not restricted to the initial infection site.
* It has “memory” - it recognizes and mounts even stronger, faster attacks on previously encountered pathogens.

44
Q

difference between humoral and cellular immunity

A

humoral- antibodies
cellular- living cells (lymphocytes)

45
Q
  • Also known as antibody mediated immunity,
  • A defense provided by antibodies (immune proteins) present in the body’s “humors,” or fluids.
A

humoral immunity

46
Q

Cell-mediated immunity because the protective factor is living cells (lymphocytes).

A

cellular immunity

47
Q

has cellular targets-virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign grafts.

A

cellular arm

48
Q

The lymphocytes act against such targets either ____, by ____ the foreign cells, or ____, by ___ chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response or activate other immune cells.

A

directly
lysing
indirectly
releasing

49
Q

any substance capable of provoking an immune response.

A

antigen

50
Q

An almost limitless variety of substances can act as antigens, including virtually all (4)

A

foreign proteins, nucleic acids, many large carbohydrates, and some lipids

51
Q

Like all blood cells, lymphocytes originate from _____ in ____.

A

hemocytoblasts
red bone marrow

52
Q

immature lymphocytestical

A

naive

53
Q
  • Whether a given lymphocyte matures into a ___ or ___ depends on where in the body it becomes * Whether a given lymphocyte matures into a B cell or a T cell depends on where in the body it becomes immunocompetent. ___
A

B cell or a T cell
immunocompetent.

54
Q

___, constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses and do not make antibodies.

A

T cells

55
Q

can recognize and eliminate specific virus-infected or tumor cells.

A

T lymphocytes

56
Q

T cells arise from ____ that migrate to the ____

A

lymphocytes
thymus

57
Q

T lymphocytes undergo a maturation process lasting ____, directed by ____

A

2 to 3 days
thymic hormones (thymosin and others)

58
Q

produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity,

A
  • B - lymphocytes or B cells,
59
Q

B cells develop_____ in bone marrow, but _____ about the factors that regulate B cell maturation.

A

immunocompetence
less is known

60
Q

After they become immunocompetent, both T cells and B cells migrate to the (3) where their encounters with antigens will occur

A

lymph nodes and spleen (and loose connective tissues),

61
Q

what happens when the lymphocytes bind with recognized antigens

A

complete their differentiation from naive cells into fully mature T cells and B cells.

62
Q

cells that circulate continuously through the body

A

Mature lymphocytes, especially T cells,

63
Q

that determine what foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist.

A

GENES.
Lymphocytes become immunocompetent before meeting the antigens they may later attack.

64
Q

engulf antigens and then present fragments of them, like signal flags, on their own surfaces, where they can be recognized by T cells.

A

antigen-presenting cells

65
Q

The major types of cells acting as APCs are (3)

A

-dendritic cells (found in the connective tissues and epidermis)
-macrophages (lymphoid organs)
-B lymphocytes.

66
Q

-dendritic cells found in the___
-macrophages ____
-B lymphocytes.

A

connective tissues and epidermis)
(lymphoid organs)

67
Q

B lymphocyte is stimulated to complete its development when

A

antigens bind to its surface receptors

68
Q

This binding event of B lymphocytes _______ or , the lymphocyte to “___” and undergo clonal selection

A

sensitizes, or activates
switch on

69
Q

The process in which the b lymphocyte begins to grow and then multiplies rapidly to form an army of cells exactly like itself and bearing the same antigen-specific receptors

A

humoral immune response

70
Q

active immunity (2)

A
  • (1) naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections, during which we may develop the signs and symptoms of the disease and suffer a little (or a lot),
  • (2) artificially acquired when we receive vaccines.
71
Q

Vaccine (2)

A

(1) spare us most of the signs and symptoms (and discomfort) of the disease that would otherwise occur during the primary response and
* (2) the weakened antigens are still able to stimulate antibody production and promote immunological memory.

72
Q

, a phenomenon in which a population of people are generally protected because most of a given population is immune to a disease or infection

A

Herd immunity

73
Q

refers to the process of providing IgG antibodies to protect against infection; it gives immediate, but short-lived protection-several weeks to 3 or 4 months at most.

A

passive immunity

74
Q

Passive immunity refers to the process of providing ____ to protect against infection; it ______ protection-several ___ to ___.

A

IgG antibodies
gives immediate, but short-lived
weeks to 3 or 4 months at most.

75
Q

immunity is acquired by a fetus when it receives maternal antibodies.

A
  • Natural Passive
76
Q

immunity is acquired when a person receives antibodies contained in antisera or gamma globulin

A
  • Artificial Passive
77
Q

are proteins made in laboratories that act like proteins called antibodies in our bodies.

A

Monoclonal antibodies (also called moAbs or mAbs)

78
Q

The word “monoclonal” antibodies created in the laboratory are cl

A

ones.

79
Q

also referred to as immunoglobulins constitute the gamma globulin part of blood proteins.

A

antibodies

80
Q

Antibodies are proteins secreted by ___ or ___ in response to an antigen, and they are capable binding specifically either that antigen.

A

activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring

81
Q

Antibodies inactivate antigens in a number of ways—by complement (5)

A

fixation, neutralization, agglutination, opsonization, and precipitation

82
Q

____occurs when antibodies bind to specific sites (usually at or close to the site where a cell would bind) on bacterial exotoxins (toxic proteins secreted by

A

Neutralization

83
Q

___ is an immune process which uses ____ to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes.

A

Opsonization
opsonins

84
Q

___ formation of clumps of cells or inert particles

A

Agglutination

85
Q

___specialize in killing virus-infected, cancer, foreign graft cells directly

A

Cytotoxic cells

86
Q
  • T cells that act as the__ or ___of the adaptive immune response.
A

“directors” or “managers”

87
Q

T helper cells release cytokine to: (3)

A
  • (1) stimulating cytotoxic T cells and B cells to grow and divide;
  • (2) attracting other types of protective white blood cells, such as neutrophils, into the area; and
  • (3) enhancing the ability of macrophages to engulf and destroy microorganisms.
88
Q

release chemicals that suppress the activity of both T and B cells.

A

T regulatory cells

89
Q

are vital for winding down and stopping the immune response after an antigen has been successfully inactivated or destroyed.

A

Regulatory T cells

90
Q

This helps prevent uncontrolled or unnecessary immune system activity, which often harms healthy tissues.

A

Regulatory T cells

91
Q

organ transplant and rejection (4) and their difference

A
  • Autografts
  • Isografts
  • Allografts
  • Xenografts
    organ transplant and rejection
  • Autografts are tissue grafts transplanted from one site to another in the same person.
  • Isografts are tissue grafts donated by a genetically identical person, the only example being an identical twin.
  • Allografts are tissue grafts taken from a person other than an identical twin.
  • Xenografts are tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species, such as a porcine (pig) heart valve transplanted into a human.
92
Q

Drugs that prevent your immune system from attacking healthy cells and tissues by mistake.

A

immunosuppressive therapy

93
Q

-suppress inflammation
-to prevent division of immune cells, and immunosuppressor drugs.

A

corticosteroids
antiproliferative drugs

94
Q

Many of these drugs kill rapidly dividing cells (such as ___), and all of them have severe side effects.

A

activated lymphocytes

AnaPhy (7 decks)

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