Lymph S Flashcards by Mary Jane Inocencio

______ carries excess interstitial fluid from tissues back to ______ and provides locations for immune cells to monitor the body.

lymphatic system
cardiovascular circulation

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_____ take in fluids from the extracellular space and carry them through ___, where immune cells scan the fluids for foreign particles.

Porous lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes

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Fluid must be returned to circulation via ____ to maintain cardiovascular function, and_____ ate necessary to monitor the body for infection.

lymphatics
lymph nodes

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lymphatics is also known as

lymph vessel

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help maintain the body’s fluid balance, absorb fats from the digestive tract, and provide immune defense against microorganisms and disease

lymphatics

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Lymphatics form an elaborate drainage system that picks up this excess _____ and returns it to the __

interstitial fluid (lymph)
blood

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lymph is also called

lymphatic fluid

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a collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues in your body and isn’t reabsorbed into your capillaries.

lymph

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Lymph contains many substances, including (6)

proteins, minerals, fats, damaged cells, cancer cells and germs

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Lymph nodes
-shape
-how long
-surrounded by

Lymph nodes are kidney-shaped, about 1 centimeter long, and surrounded by a fibrous capsule trabeculae that extend inward to divide the node into a number of compartments

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____Help protect the body by removing foreign material such as bacteria and tumor cells from the lymphatic stream and by providing a place where ____that function in the immune response can be activated

lymph nodes
lymphocytes

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is a soft organ located in the left side of the abdominal cavity, just beneath the diaphragm, that curls around the anterolateral aspect of the stomach.

Spleen

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Spleen
-located at
-beneath
-curls around

located in the left side of the abdominal cavity, just beneath the diaphragm, that curls around the anterolateral aspect of the stomach.

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filters and cleanses blood of bacteria, viruses, and other debris.

spleen

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provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance

spleen

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destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of their breakdown products to the liver

spleen

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organ primarily responsible for the production and maturation of immune cells

thymus

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small masses of lymphoid tissue deep to the mucosa surrounding the pharynx

tonsils

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Their job is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat.

tonsils

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Resembles like tonsils

Peyer’s patches, the appendix

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part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues referred to as mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Peyer’s patches, the appendix and tonsils

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Peyer’s patches, the appendix acts as a ____ to protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from the constant attacks of foreign matter entering those cavities.

sentinel

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unique group of aggressive lymphocytes that can lyse (burst) and kill cancer cells, virus infected body cells, or any nonspecific targets

natural killer cells

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natural killer cells attack target cell’s membrane and release lytic chemicals called ____, which pokes holes in the membrane, and granzymes (enzymes), which degrade target cell contents.

perforin

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cells also release powerful inflammatory chemical

natural killer cells

inflammatory response

nonspecific response that is triggered whenever body tissues are injured

The four most common cardinal signs of acute inflammation are

redness, heat, pain, and swelling (edema).

engulfs a foreign particle by the process of phagocytosis

A phagocyte, such as a macrophage or neutrophil

phagocyte (2)

macrophage neutrophil

Flowing cytoplasmic extensions bind to the particle and then pull it inside, forming a

phagocytic vesicle

phagocytic vesicle then then fuses with a _____, where enzymes digest its contents.

lysosome

where enzymes digest its contents.

lysosome

antimicrobial proteins (2)

complement interferon

refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive state, much like inactive clotting proteins.

complement

how is complement activated?

when complement becomes attached, or fixed, to foreign cells such as bacteria, fungi, or mismatched red blood cells, it is activated and becomes a major factor in the fight against foreign cells

complement initiates

opsonization

any of several related proteins that are produced by the body's cells as a defensive response to viruses.

interferon

They are important modulators of the immune response

interferon

Interferons can also combat bacterial _____, _____, and _____ the differentiation of cells

parasitic infections inhibit cell division promote or impede

abnormally high body temperature, is a systemic response to invading microorganisms

fever

chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign cells or substances in the body

pyrogens

a functional system that molecules called antigens and acts to inactivate or destroy them

adaptive immune system

antigen specific - systemic - "memory" -

It is antigen specific - it recognizes and acts against particular pathogens or foreign substances. * It is systemic - immunity is not restricted to the initial infection site. * It has "memory" - it recognizes and mounts even stronger, faster attacks on previously encountered pathogens.

difference between humoral and cellular immunity

humoral- antibodies cellular- living cells (lymphocytes)

* Also known as antibody mediated immunity, * A defense provided by antibodies (immune proteins) present in the body's "humors," or fluids.

humoral immunity

Cell-mediated immunity because the protective factor is living cells (lymphocytes).

cellular immunity

has cellular targets-virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign grafts.

cellular arm

The lymphocytes act against such targets either ____, by ____ the foreign cells, or ____, by ___ chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response or activate other immune cells.

directly lysing indirectly releasing

any substance capable of provoking an immune response.

antigen

An almost limitless variety of substances can act as antigens, including virtually all (4)

foreign proteins, nucleic acids, many large carbohydrates, and some lipids

Like all blood cells, lymphocytes originate from _____ in ____.

hemocytoblasts red bone marrow

immature lymphocytestical

naive

* Whether a given lymphocyte matures into a ___ or ___ depends on where in the body it becomes * Whether a given lymphocyte matures into a B cell or a T cell depends on where in the body it becomes immunocompetent. ___

B cell or a T cell immunocompetent.

___, constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses and do not make antibodies.

T cells

can recognize and eliminate specific virus-infected or tumor cells.

T lymphocytes

T cells arise from ____ that migrate to the ____

lymphocytes thymus

T lymphocytes undergo a maturation process lasting ____, directed by ____

2 to 3 days thymic hormones (thymosin and others)

produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity,

* B - lymphocytes or B cells,

B cells develop_____ in bone marrow, but _____ about the factors that regulate B cell maturation.

immunocompetence less is known

After they become immunocompetent, both T cells and B cells migrate to the (3) where their encounters with antigens will occur

lymph nodes and spleen (and loose connective tissues),

what happens when the lymphocytes bind with recognized antigens

complete their differentiation from naive cells into fully mature T cells and B cells.

cells that circulate continuously through the body

Mature lymphocytes, especially T cells,

that determine what foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist.

GENES. Lymphocytes become immunocompetent before meeting the antigens they may later attack.

engulf antigens and then present fragments of them, like signal flags, on their own surfaces, where they can be recognized by T cells.

antigen-presenting cells

The major types of cells acting as APCs are (3)

-dendritic cells (found in the connective tissues and epidermis) -macrophages (lymphoid organs) -B lymphocytes.

-dendritic cells found in the___ -macrophages ____ -B lymphocytes.

connective tissues and epidermis) (lymphoid organs)

B lymphocyte is stimulated to complete its development when

antigens bind to its surface receptors

This binding event of B lymphocytes _______ or , the lymphocyte to "___" and undergo clonal selection

sensitizes, or activates switch on

The process in which the b lymphocyte begins to grow and then multiplies rapidly to form an army of cells exactly like itself and bearing the same antigen-specific receptors

humoral immune response

active immunity (2)

* (1) naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections, during which we may develop the signs and symptoms of the disease and suffer a little (or a lot), * (2) artificially acquired when we receive vaccines.

Vaccine (2)

(1) spare us most of the signs and symptoms (and discomfort) of the disease that would otherwise occur during the primary response and * (2) the weakened antigens are still able to stimulate antibody production and promote immunological memory.

, a phenomenon in which a population of people are generally protected because most of a given population is immune to a disease or infection

Herd immunity

refers to the process of providing IgG antibodies to protect against infection; it gives immediate, but short-lived protection-several weeks to 3 or 4 months at most.

passive immunity

Passive immunity refers to the process of providing ____ to protect against infection; it ______ protection-several ___ to ___.

IgG antibodies gives immediate, but short-lived weeks to 3 or 4 months at most.

immunity is acquired by a fetus when it receives maternal antibodies.

* Natural Passive

immunity is acquired when a person receives antibodies contained in antisera or gamma globulin

* Artificial Passive

are proteins made in laboratories that act like proteins called antibodies in our bodies.

Monoclonal antibodies (also called moAbs or mAbs)

The word "monoclonal" antibodies created in the laboratory are cl

ones.

also referred to as immunoglobulins constitute the gamma globulin part of blood proteins.

antibodies

Antibodies are proteins secreted by ___ or ___ in response to an antigen, and they are capable binding specifically either that antigen.

activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring

Antibodies inactivate antigens in a number of ways—by complement (5)

fixation, neutralization, agglutination, opsonization, and precipitation

____occurs when antibodies bind to specific sites (usually at or close to the site where a cell would bind) on bacterial exotoxins (toxic proteins secreted by

Neutralization

___ is an immune process which uses ____ to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes.

Opsonization opsonins

___ formation of clumps of cells or inert particles

Agglutination

___specialize in killing virus-infected, cancer, foreign graft cells directly

Cytotoxic cells

* T cells that act as the__ or ___of the adaptive immune response.

"directors" or "managers"

T helper cells release cytokine to: (3)

* (1) stimulating cytotoxic T cells and B cells to grow and divide; * (2) attracting other types of protective white blood cells, such as neutrophils, into the area; and * (3) enhancing the ability of macrophages to engulf and destroy microorganisms.

release chemicals that suppress the activity of both T and B cells.

T regulatory cells

are vital for winding down and stopping the immune response after an antigen has been successfully inactivated or destroyed.

Regulatory T cells

This helps prevent uncontrolled or unnecessary immune system activity, which often harms healthy tissues.

Regulatory T cells

organ transplant and rejection (4) and their difference

* Autografts * Isografts * Allografts * Xenografts organ transplant and rejection * Autografts are tissue grafts transplanted from one site to another in the same person. * Isografts are tissue grafts donated by a genetically identical person, the only example being an identical twin. * Allografts are tissue grafts taken from a person other than an identical twin. * Xenografts are tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species, such as a porcine (pig) heart valve transplanted into a human.

Drugs that prevent your immune system from attacking healthy cells and tissues by mistake.

immunosuppressive therapy

-suppress inflammation -to prevent division of immune cells, and immunosuppressor drugs.

corticosteroids antiproliferative drugs

Many of these drugs kill rapidly dividing cells (such as ___), and all of them have severe side effects.

activated lymphocytes