urbanisation

Question 1

what is urbanisation?

Answer 1

the process of urban growth that results in a greater proportion of a country’s population living in town’s and cities

Question 2

how does urbanisation occur?

Answer 2

rural-urban migration

natural increase

Question 3

what are the features of rural areas?

Answer 3

-lower pop. density-
less jobs available-
disparity of wealth-
bigger houses-

Question 4

land uses of rural areas

Answer 4

• agricultural
• pasture
• woodland
• countryside

Question 5

features MEDCs

Answer 5

industrial revolution:people looking for reliable work in factories
demand for labour in shipyards and mines

Question 6

accessibility

Answer 6

how easily a place can be reached

how easy it is for people to obtain goods and services such as healthcare

Question 7

brownfield site

Answer 7

land that has previously been used

Question 8

congestion

Answer 8

overcrowding

high density of people or traffic

Question 9

counterurbanissation

Answer 9

people moving from major cities to the countryside

Question 10

environmental quality

Answer 10

the degree to which a place is free from air, water and visual pollution

Question 11

ethnic group

Answer 11

a group of people united by a common characteristic such as a race, language or religion

Question 12

greenfield site

Answer 12

land that has not been used for urban development

Question 13

land value

Answer 13

the price which people or businesses are prepared to pay for a piece of land

Question 14

megacity

Answer 14

a city with a population over 10 million

Question 15

poverty

Answer 15

where people are seriously lacking food, water, housing, income and basic services

Question 16

shanty town

Answer 16

an area of slum housing built of salvaged materials

located on city edge or on hazardous ground

Question 17

social deprivation

Answer 17

when the well being and quality of life of people falls below a certain level

Question 18

social segregation

Answer 18

the clustering together of people with similar characteristics into separate residential areas

Question 19

socio- economic group

Answer 19

a group of people sharing the same characteristics such as income level, type of employment and class

Question 20

suburbanistion

Answer 20

outward spread of an urban area often at lower densities compared to the old part of a town or city

Question 21

urban regeneration

Answer 21

revival of old urban areas by either improving what is there or clearing it away and rebuilding

Question 22

urban reimaging

Answer 22

changing the image of an urban area and the way people view it

Question 23

urban managers

Answer 23

people who make important decisions affecting urban areas such as planners, politicians and developers

Question 24

problems of rapid urbanisation

Answer 24

education-many children work to help to support their family or because of the cost/lack of schools
employment-many people are unemployed/ part of informal sector selling goods e.g. cleaners, food; work is often far away
social problems-people live close together; poor conditions; violent street gangs; high crime rates drug trafficking
Housing-housing is expensive relative to people’s wages; most sought after housing is close to centre; many live in shanty towns or squatter settlements
access to water and electricity- limited supply of electricity and waterfires for cooking and heating; polluted steams for water and sewage disposal
traffic congestion- transport systems overloaded and overcrowded;large amount of vehicles causes high levels of atmospheric pollution
Health- diseases spread quickly due to lack of doctors, clinics or hospitals

Question 25

planning conflict

Answer 25

environment:
-Loss of habitats
- more pollution eg. air, light and noise
Jobs and economy:
+ Business leaders attracted(positive multiplier effect)
+Jobs created- can damage local high street

Question 26

environmental problems caused by rapid urbanisation

Answer 26

Habitat destruction- Mumbai’s mangroves are being cut down(90 % reduction in past 100 years)
-clear lands for slums
- deforestation to clear land for shanty towns, for firewood and on the edge of citieswater scarcity:
-The rate of pollution growth outstrips the ability to develop infrastructure. many places lack access to mains water
- In mumbai, water pipes in Dharavi are only active for 2 hours a day
- Mexico City has sunk by 7 metres since 1900 because so much water has been taken from the aquifer. many neighbourhoods rely on water trucks.
Water pollution- water courses used as disposal areas for rubbish, industrial waste and human sewage
- river mithi in mumbai has been poisened, whilst the city’s mangrove swamps-an important defence against monsoon floods- are being killed off by toxins in the watertraffic congestion
- In mumbai cars, lorries, scotters, rickshaws, bicycles and donkeys all jostle for space on the road- a problem faced by all big cities, but arguably worse in lic cities, despite lower rates of car ownership- many of the vehicles have old inefficient exhaust systems and run on low grack petrol, leading to high levels of air pollution. This is made worse by industrial emissions

Question 27

squatter settlements

Answer 27

problems:
- Natural hazards
- landslides destroy the favelas clinging to rio de Janeiro’s steep slopes
- overcrowded - 1 million in 1 square mile in dharavi
- lack of basic amenities in dwellings - running water, electricity, flushing toilets-
raw sewage mixes with industrial waste in the street
- no refuse collection, so streets become filled with rubbish
- breading ground for disease high rates of diarrhoea, typhoid and cholera
- high infant mortality rates- babies vulnerable to disease
- limited access to health care and education
- some children have to work instead of going to school
- operate below radar of authorities, and some become controlled by drug lords and gangs, with very high crime rates

Question 28

what are squatter settlements

Answer 28

• called different names in different places- favelas in brazil, bidonvilles in North Africa and slums in mumbai
• Global average of 45% of lic city residents live in shanty towns
• unplanned,unregulated, illegal squatter settlements
• the residents have no right to live on the land
• built on land no on else wants- steep slopes, flood prone land, near polluting industries or landfill sites
• dwellings made from any material available - wood, corregated iron, tarpaulins

Question 29

employment

Answer 29

• there are not nearly enough jobs in the formal sector of the economy
• regular wages in factories and offices for all immigrants
• this has led to the development of the informal sector
• shanty town dwellers create a job for themselves. wages are poor.
• shanty town dwellers are very opportunistic when it comes to work