economic activity and energy

Question 1

uk employment
changing employment structures over time
pre industrial

Answer 1

• predominantly primary sector (90% employment)
• small secondary and tertiary sectors
• lavour intensive rural industries
• manufacturing of goods difficult in the pre industrial period

Question 2

uk employment
changing employment structures over time
industrial

Answer 2

• primary sector has shrunk from pre industrial period due to the mechanisation in manufacturing and agriculture
• secondary sector accounts for half of the employment (1850) and 60% in 1900 (overseas market provided by the empire)
• tertiary sector has expanded to provide services to secondary manufacturing e.g. shipping, haulage

Question 3

uk employment
changing employment structures over time
post industrial

Answer 3

• primary sector has shrunk to become almost insignificant due to the exhaustion of resources and competition
• tertiary has grown to become dominant due to greater affluence, manufacturing has shrunk in face of cheaper competition from nic (deindustrialisation)
• quaternary sector has emerged due to high quality education

Question 4

india economy changes

value of sectors

Answer 4

• the economy goes u from 1973 (300%)
• sector contributions changed:
  1) primary sector down from 50% to 25%
  2) secondary up from

Question 5

india economy chamges

share of sectors in GDP

Answer 5

• tertiary= largest sector due to Infosys, India’s first company to be listed on the nasdaq stock exchange (58%)
• specialising in software and IT- 5 of the top 10 companies are based in the it sector
• estimated that for every 1000 jobs relocated to india, a british company would save $10 million
• secondary stayed constant (20%%%)
• primary went down ( 45% - 20%)

Question 6

india economy changes

share of sectors

Answer 6

• primary has reduced but still remains the top employer due to the number of subsistence farmers (63%)
• secondary and tertiary sectors have increased in size but are still much smaller than the primary sector (10-15 % and 12- 22%)
• tertiary went up at the cost of primary - mechanisation and new forms of employment such as high tech (based around bangalore)

Question 7

Llanwern steelworks

Answer 7

• coal fields supplying coal for blast furnaces
• limestone ffound in brecon beacons to the north
• rivers to transport raw materials to steel works (river usk)
• iron ore fields used to extract iron ore for steel making
• british empire required a large supply of steel for construction and steel building
• britain went though the industrial first - had a monopoly of the steel industry

Question 8

south wales mine closures

effects on the communities

Answer 8

• loss of jobs in associated industries
• closure of shops as people have less to spend
• high unemployment - population decline due to outward migration
• decline in public services
• miners lack of skills means hard to get new employment
• crime, depression , drug/alcohol abuse, vandalism
• encourage out migration and discourage reinvestment

Question 9

lg case study

location

Answer 9

• Newport is loctaed on the M4, has rail links and is close to busy port making it easy to transport goods
• available labour force due to high unemployment

Question 10

lg case study

how did the area attract lg

Answer 10

• Lucky goldstar was given 180 million pounds in subsides by the government in return for a promised 1.7 billion pound investment
• welsh development agency has helped attract new investment to south wales
• helped more than 1,000 companies establish operations in wales

Question 11

economic sectors

Answer 11

• division of the economy based upon the type of jobs on offer and what is produced

Question 12

lg case study

impact on people

Answer 12

• meant to create 6100 jobs only created 2000
• indirect employment
• area became more attractive for people to live- disposable income increased
• ## local shops and businesses benefitted from people spending more money

Question 13

lg case study

impact on environment

Answer 13

• greenfield site chosen for location of new factory
• habitats destroyed - increase in impermeable surfaces which could increase the flood risk in the surrounding area
• increase in noise pollution due to cars and delivery lorries

Question 14

lg case study

outcome

Answer 14

• arrived in wales in 1996 but withdrew within 10 years due to market condition
• by 2004 the workforce was down to 400 after 950 jobs had been lost during the closure of the two factories
• lg required to return over 70 million to the welsh government

Question 15

m4 corridor
reasons for location
labour

Answer 15

• need is for mainly graduate labour
• provides many attractive locations for residence
• experienced workers enjoy large salaries

Question 16

m4 corridor
reasons for location
transport and accessibility

Answer 16

• heathrow airport is at one end and much high tech industry is international
• staff and products need to move around the globe quickly and often at short notice
• there are government offices and financial institutions in london

Question 17

m4 corridor
reasons for location
incentives

Answer 17

• many incentives offered by local government, authorities and the eu
• the incentives include greenfield sites at reduced prices with tax exemptions

Question 18

m4 corridor
reasons for location
market

Answer 18

• much of south of england is wealthy so there is a large potential market for new products

Question 19

m4 corridor
reasons for location
conglomeration

Answer 19

• if high tech firms group together they can share associated services
• e.g. cleaning firms, IT repair and research labs
• by sharing services it reduces costs and increases the amount offered
• science parks- often associated with unis
• multiple high tech companies locate in the same location from collective expense - cambridge science park

Question 20

m4 corridor
reasons for location
existing industries

Answer 20

• there are already existing government research facilities and other research based companies like british aero space and rolls royce in filton

Question 21

m4 corridor
reasons for location
unis

Answer 21

• many companies involve unis in their research and development
• reading, britol and cardiff are on the m4 corridor

Question 22

global shift in manufacturing

TNCs

Answer 22

• large multinational companies now control much of the worlds manufacturing
• locate in most profitable location- caravan capitalism
• e.g. nokia - germany to romania to moldova

Question 23

global shift in manufacturing

transport

Answer 23

• much faster and cheaper, distance is less important between raw materials, manufacturing and markets

Question 24

global shift in manufacturing

communications

Answer 24

• the speed and efficiency of modern communications means that the company HQ can keep in contact with factories worldide
• the global village

Question 25

global shift in manufacturing | energy

Answer 25

- modern manufacturing relies upon electricity to power mahinery - due to modern national grid systems this can be found almost anywhere

Question 26

global shift in manufacturing | governments

Answer 26

- governments offering tax breaks or providing ready made factory buildings - also the use of economic zones such as those found in bangalore to give tax breaks to it companies

Question 27

global shift in manufacturing | new branches of manufacturing

Answer 27

- manufacturing has shifted to consumer goods such as electronic products, clothes and furniture - these can be manufactured anywhere - 'footloose'

Question 28

global shift in manufacturing | labour

Answer 28

- cheap labour costs are very important - for hi tech industries education levels and skills are more important - uk is still the 6th largest manufacturer in the world despite losing many of its traditional industries

Question 29

global shift in manufacturing | positive outcomes

Answer 29

- hic economies have diversified into new tertiary and quaternary industry e.g. microsoft in reading and picochip in batth - many nics are now able to compete in the global economy meaning greater fdi - lics offer lower production costs for tncs allowing the transfer of skills to nics such as india and china - workers now have a greater income

Question 30

global shift in manufacturing | negative outcomes

Answer 30

- the spread of neo colonialism ( use of economic, political and cultural pressures to exert influence on other countries) and exploitation of workers into smaller LICs - some countries have lost their manufacturing bases leafing to job losses -

Question 31

docklands case study | causes of urban decline

Answer 31

counter urbanisation: - after ww2 and until the 1980s london experienced net out migration - creation of new towns ( basildon , stevenage) - the creation of london's green belt in 1947 caused people to move further away as it prevented suburban expansion deindustrialisation: - 1980s- goods produced overseas were cheaper than in the uk - 33% of the uks labour force worked in manufacturing during the 1960s in 2010 manufacturing was only 10% of the uks gdp closure of the docks: - 1981- last of the docks closed - the increase in size of ships meant deeper water was needed so tilbury provided a better site - container ships and computerisation replaced the need for people to load and unload container ships felixstowe provided cheaper land, deeper harbour and developed into the uks largest container port Yh

Question 32

docklands case study | effects of the decline of the docks

Answer 32

- 1978 - 1983 - 12,000 jobs were lost , 60% of men were unemployed in 1981 - docks became derelict and were unattractive to investors - london's pop. declined by 19.5% between 1971 and 1985

Question 33

docklands case study | west india quay

Answer 33

- tertiary busineses: henry' (restaurant), museum of docklands - was used to import rum, spices from the west indies

Question 34

docklands case study | cabot place and canary wharf

Answer 34

- high rise buildings (expensive land) - banking, restaurants - e.g. citi bank, hsbc (graduate employers) - a second 'city' (finacial)

Question 35

docklands case study | transport

Answer 35

- docklands was only accessible by a13 - DLR- set up to serve the isle of dogs - jubilee line- connects the docklands with the rest of the london underground - london city airport allows businessmen into the centre of london - 100,000 commute in canary wharf per day to work in offices

Question 36

docklands case study | impacts of regneration

Answer 36

- 85000 now work in businesses in the docklands - city airport is 15 mins from canary wharf by road - east london has been gentrified - drives house prices up - canning town - a relatively poor area is only 2.5 km from canary wharf - 1.86 billion investedd by public sector - 7.7 billion invested by private sector

Question 37

docklands case study | london docklands development corporation

Answer 37

- lddc - 1980-1998- to redevelop the docklands on behalf of the government - aimed to redevelop 8.5 km squared of land by encouraging private investment - attracted investment by giving tax breaks or grants to companies - deregulation - easier for companies to operate

Question 38

docklands case study | tiller road

Answer 38

- variety of housing styles - private housing, modern flats and an old tower block - aimed more towards families- leisure centre, primary school - low level, low density - mixture of private owned and rented and housing associate - mainly residential

Question 39

docklands case study | cross harbour

Answer 39

- traditional working class area - relatively low rise, residential buildings, cheap land - businesses cheaper end of service sector e.g. asda - mix of people- young proffesionals - e.g. building of baltimore tower- 2 bed flat is $950,000 - wealth spreading south down the isle of dogs - still lots of original locals in the area and services to cater for them e.g. asda, laundrette, terrace of shops

Question 40

docklands case study | mudchute gentrification

Answer 40

- types of housing : 2 up 2 down- town houses - gated communities- cuts off elite in private estates - some tertiary - docklands sailing centre - express newspaper - located in millwall docks from the 1980s until 2013 - lots of warehouses converted into flats - gentrification - the process where people move into a previously run down area and spend money on improving the housing, making the area more desirable and increasing house prices

Question 41

informal sector

Answer 41

- types of work that are not officially recognised by the government and are taken up by people working for themselves on streets in lic cities - tertiary sector

Question 42

causes of the informal sector

Answer 42

1) rural urban migration (in search of jobs, regular wage, better quality of life) 2) means there are more people of working age living in urban areas than there are jobs available 3) this surpulus labour means there is unemployment and underemployment (high skilled workers doing low skilled jobs) 4) in this situation employers can pay their workers low wages, which are not enough to live on 5) so people go in search of making a living outside the normal job market

Question 43

paratransit

Answer 43

- cheap, informal urban transport e.g. rickshaws, scooters

Question 44

reasons for the growth of tertiary and quaternary sector

Answer 44

- conglomeration of people with skills e.g. aerospace - rise of entrepreneurism - advertising increases demand for the good - decreases in price as goods become more popular e.g. laptops - changes in fashions/ trends e.g. rise of the ipod - supply of high quality graduates from unis along m4 corridor - growth driven by demand for hi tech solutions

Question 45

reasons for the changing location of tertiary industry

Answer 45

- locate in cbd as urban transport networks allow easy accessibility - transport networks serve surrounding areas linking other urban settlements - people can commute from the urban fringe and the suburbs easily - decentralisation - businesses moving out of the cbd superstores and retail parks industrial estates - modern light and service industries with purpose built road network - business parks- firms needing office and retail accommodation e.g. bowling

Question 46

primary and secondary energy

Answer 46

- primary - fuels that provide energy without any conversion process - secondary- fuels that are made from the processing of primary fuels e.g. electricity, coke

Question 47

coal

Answer 47

advantages: - one of the cheapest ways to produce power - coal power stations can be built anywhere where there are good transport links and a plentiful supply of cooling water disadvantages: - produces Co2 - so2 - non renewable - need huge amounts of fuel carbon cost : 700 kg / mwh cost: 2.5p - 3p / kwh

Question 48

oil

Answer 48

ads: - easy to transport by pipeline or ship - oil fired power stations can e built anywere there are good transport links and water - a large amount of electricity can be generated quickly ``` disads: -co2 - so2 - non renewable - very expensive carbon cost: 580 kg/ mwh cost: 4.8p - 6p / kwh ```

Question 49

nuclear power

Answer 49

advantages: - uranium is readily and cheaply available and nuclear fuel is easily stored - small amount produces a lot of electrcity - do not produce co2 disads- - not renewable - produces radioactive waste which must be buried in sealed containers - nuclear power stations cannot be switched on and off easily cost - 2.5p - 4p kwh

Question 50

gas

Answer 50

ads: - light and easy to transport by pipeline - large amounts of electricity can be produced - gas fired power stations are normally built near rivers and the gas pipeline network can be built anywhere ``` cons: - co2 - non renewable - uk imports most of its gas which means that our energy may become costly if prices rise cost: 2p-3p / kwh carbon cost: 370 kg / mwh ```

Question 51

hep

Answer 51

kinetic energy of water spins a turbine which is connected to a generator pros: - very cheap to operate the plant - does not produce any co2 - sustainable - dams store water so we can control when electricity is made - power output can be increased quickly to meet sudden demand cons: - dams are expensive to build - valuable land is flooded when a reservoir is made - a good site for hep plants is not always near a town here energy is needed - not many suitable sites in the uk cost: 2p -7p kwh - 7 (50 w) schemes in the uk

Question 52

wind

Answer 52

pros - running costs are low - does not produce co2 - the land occupied by a wind farm can still be used for farming - renewable - safe and easy to build cons: - cannot control the wind - turbines shut down in very strong or light winds - only built in certain areas e.g. hilly or coasts - not attractive cost : 4.2p-5.2p kwh (onshore ) 6.2p- 8.4 p (offshore) 135 wind farms in the uk

Question 53

geothermal

Answer 53

- man made holes are drilled and surface water is pumped and heated to drive turbines pros: - does nor produce pollution - running costs are low cons: - difficult to find suitable sites - borehole can run out of steam and may not be useable - dangerous gases and minerals can come out of a borehole which are difficult to dispose of - one plant in southampton

Question 54

solar

Answer 54

- converts light energy into electricity (solar photovoltaic cells) - solar water heating - water in the back of the panel heats up - transferred to tank in house pros: - renewable - can be used in remote areas - no co2 - energy generated near location it will be used cons: - do not work when cloudy or at night - uk is not very sunny so use is limited - 66,000 pounds to install 100,000 systems in the uk

Question 55

energy efficiency | at home

Answer 55

- switch to energy saving light bulbs - don't leave tv on stand by - use upto 85% of energy they use when they are on - switch chargers off when they are not being used - switch thermostat down by 1 degree and put on a jumper - recycle paper,plastics, aluminium - recycling an aluminium can uses only 55 % of the energy needed to produce another one from bauxite

Question 56

energy efficiency on the road

Answer 56

- use public transport - car share - modern petrols are 90% cleaner than those used 10 years ago - drive hybrids ( 110g co2/km, less than half of the emissions of a 4x4)

Question 57

energy efficiency at the shop

Answer 57

- buy local produce- food transportation accounts for 8% of all road emissions of co2 - buy in season produce ( doesn't need to be grown in a heated greenhouse) - buy products with less packaging - re use plastic bags- 13 billion plastic bags are given out in the uk every year

Question 58

reasons for energy demand

Answer 58

- population increase- from 1 billion in 1900 to 7 billlion in 2011 - economic development as countries industralise, energy consuming activities such as manufacturing, provision of services and transport increase in scale and importance - closely linked to economic development as people become more affluent, their lifestyles become more energy hungry - industrial development( increasing technical capabilities and wealth) allows countries to access new and powerful energy sources ( e.g. deeper oil drilling, nuclear power): - europe and north america were the first to experience large scale economic development ( use 70% of world's energy)

Question 59

the energy gap

Answer 59

- the difference between a country's rising demand for energy and its ability to produce that energy from its own sources - the gap must be filled with imported energy - the gap is being widened in hics due to the deliberate phasing out of fossil fuels - the resulting loss of energy is greater than the amount being developed from alternative renewable resources