migration,tourism and globalisation Flashcards
1
Q
key terms
A
- movement is permanent- for at least 1 year
internal migration
international migration
emigration
immigration
voluntary migration: where people choose to either move inside their own country or to emmigrate to another country
economic migrants: people that seek work in another country
forced migration: when people are driven out from where they live due to war, natural disaster, political reasons etc,…
refugees- peoples whose reasons for moving are due to fear of persecution or death
net migration- balnce of migration over a set period of time
push factors
pull factors
circulation- non permanent migration
natural change
2
Q
how migration affects the population structure of a country
A
- overall population change is a combination of:
- natural change
- international(internal migration would redistribute the population)
3
Q
economic migration: eastern european migration to the UK
A
- 10 countries
- 8 eastern european
- 447,000 from eastern europe in 2004 , 264,555 polish (62%)
- 150,000 in 2006
- 2006- 370,000 people had moved from poland
push factors:
- average unemployment in poland of 18.5% in 2005
- youth unemployment around 40%
- rural unemployment over 40%
pull factors:
- unemployment in the UK at 5.1%
- skill shortages; high demand for skilled and semi skilled labour
- vacancies on the uk for oct - dec were 607,000
- GDP in Poland was $ 12,700 per head compared to $30,900 in the UK
- UK did not restrict numbers of migrants- 1 of 3 countries to do so
obstacles: - cost of moving
- requirement and register movement
- family ties
how many?
- 150,000 workers in 2004. 280,000 workers in 2007.
what type of jobs?
- 5% carer
- 9% packer
- 9% catering
- 10% warehouse
- 4% sales/retail
- 6% waiter
- 9% cleaner
- 37% factory worker
- 6% hotel maid
demographic:
- polish students taking a gap year
- mainly male
- 43% 18-24
- 39% 25-34
positive impact:
- £2.5 billion contributed to the economy by the eastern european migrants.
- between 0.5% and 1% off UK growth in 2006 attributed to the same workers
- 80% between 18 and 35 years old; helps uk cope with aging population
- new migrants hard working, enthusiastic, flexible
- filled skills gap (language of government and big businesses) took undesirable low paid jobs
negatives:
- exploitation of workers by employees
- tensions in areas that have not previously experienced large scale immigration
- increased pressures on education caused by child migrants
- 27,000 child benefit applications approved
- stress on NHS- language barrier
- demand for housing leading to higher prices
4
Q
refugees and asylum seekers
A
asylum seeker- a person who has left their country of origin, has applied for recognition as a refugee in another country and is awaiting decision on their application
5
Q
should the eu be closed to asylum seekers
A
- brain drain- highly educated people and skilled workers have been lost from original countries
- some citizens are paying 50% tax to fund those on benefits - often asylum seekers
- not fair that they have access to benefits and welfare state when they do not pay
- housing pressures on an already stretched housing stock
- pop density is already high in the EU
6
Q
advantages of migration
A
- oppurtunity for countries facing falling populations and declining economic growth e.g. germany halted decline through immigration
- migrants send money back to their families helping country of origin
- migrants filling low skilled jobs
7
Q
successful migration management
A
- promote legal migration channels
- prevent illegal migration- through border controls etc…
- maximise the positive benefits of migration
- a balance needs to be struck between helping vulnerable new migrants and upsetting host country populations
8
Q
issues with managing migration
A
- eu membership allows free movement
- economy needs migrant labour
- need to balance population structure e.g. young and old
- need to control numbers- but EU laws may prevent this
- need to distinguish between refugees and asylum seekers
9
Q
tourism explosion
A
- economic-
people have more disposable income to spend on luxuries - communication-
increased awareness of faraway places (advertising)
opened people’s eyes to different holiday activities e.g. scuba diving
creation of the internet- research destinations- allows very rapid booking - transport
remote areas are more accessible
journey times have decreased
costs are lower (ryan air)
jet aircraft (boeing 747) , hotel cruise ships, cruiser coaches and high speed rail - political
countries relax border controls
governments make large sums of money through tourist visas and departure taxes - social
package holiday ( thompson)
transport and accommodation sold together
other services might include car rental, special activities
health care improved so lower risk in exotic destinations
increase in holiday allowance
countries have developed for larger industries
10
Q
mass tourism case study
economic
A
advantages :
- young people can get better paid wages in the tourist sector
- 80% of Ibiza’s gdp comes from tourism
- young people can get better paid jobs in the service sector
disadvantages:
- Ibiza is vulnerable to fluctuations in the tourist trade- less people visit due to a disaster or a rival resort
- much of the income is from may to august so in the winter months employment is much harder to find
- many young ibizans leave the north to get better paid jobs leaving the old behind
11
Q
mass tourism case study
social
A
advantages:
- raising the standard of living through infrastructure and facilties (hotels, roads etc..)
- many young ibizans learn english fro working in tourism
- ibizans benefit from the infrastructure put in by tourists e.g. roads
- higher gdp has raised living standards
- tourism is more profitable raising living standards
disadvantages:
1) problems surrounding clubbing:
- large numbers of noisy people
- theft, drunken behaviour, sexuall assalut, higher crime rate
- ‘english culture’ drinking to excess gives ibiza a negative image
2)
-many young ibizans move from the north( an traditional industries such as farming and fishing) towards ibiza town and san Antonio
- which leaves the north with a very old population
12
Q
mass tourism case study
environmental
A
- 2006 20% of the islands population protested against plans to build a new 6 lane highway between ibiza town and san antonio which cut through large areas of scrub woodland
- tourists generate waste wich needs to be disposed- landfill or recycling(expensive)
- noise pollution late at night from clubs
- water shortages- Ibiza has high demands for water e.g. for swimming pools which puts a large strain on a limited resource
- habitat destruction to build tourist developments- airport expansions, hotels
13
Q
ecotourism
A
- based on locations thought in some way to be special or precious due to scenery/ wildlife/ remoteness/ culture
- aims to educate people and enhance understanding of local nature/ culture
- minimises consumption of non renewable resources
- locally orientated- controlled by local people employing local people, using local produce, with profits staying in local communities
- respectful of indigenous
- sustainable- promotes conservation of wildlife, landscapes and or cultures
14
Q
costa rica case study
background
A
- central america
- monteverde cloud forest sits at an altitude of about 1700 metres
- over 100 species of mamals
- 2500 species and over 400 bird and over 120 reptile species
- developed by 5,000 quakers (christian community) living in the area
- 1972; ‘tropical science centre’ purchased a 320 hectare forest to be managed by quakers for tourism activities
15
Q
costa rica case study
why is it an ecotourism location
A
- roads are not paved to keep tourist numbers down
- hikes are taken with a naturalist guide which gives visitors a better chance of spotting and learning about animals that live there
- through a series of private nature reserves the community has saved part of the cloud forest which would have been cleared away for dairy cattle
- visitors have to stay on trails
- visitors are prevented from dropping rubbish
16
Q
costa rica case study
benefits
A
- 80 new businesses have opened in monteverde since the 1970s
- the reserva biologica bosque nuboso Monterverde now covers over 10,500 hectares
- the large santa elena reserve has also been established
- many smaller reserves have been created increasing the size of the protected area
- there are400 full time and 140 part time jobs directly related to tourism there are many more indirect jobs
- employs over 50 staff
- the reserve budgets to train and educate locals and tourists about ecotourism and protection of the reserve
- trails are limited to certain areas
17
Q
costa rica case study
costs
A
- land prices have increased
- people have migrated into the area looking for jobs placing pressure on the local infrastructure
- atmosphere has changed from local quaker to tourist centre
- tourists are demanding more and more facilities and greater luxury. these facilities use electricity
- 40% of monteverde’s amphibians have become extinct (golden toad)
probably climate change - many areas close to the trails have less wildlife showing humans do disturb them
- some activities are not sustainable- monorails through the canopy and zip wires
- most people arrive in 4x4s which use more petrol and create dust which disturbs pant and animal life
