Urban Issues and Challenges - London Flashcards
What is a megacity?
An urban area with a total population in excess of ten million
What is urbanisation?
The increasing proportion of people living in urban areas
Why does natural increase occur?
Rural to Urban Migration
Younger population migrate for employment
Start a family
3 pull factors
Better services
Higher Employment
Lower risk from natural hazards
3 push factors
High Crime
Civil War
Poverty
Describe London’s Location
Between Western and Eastern Hemisphere’s
United Kingdom
South-East of England
Why is London important Internationally?
London has the largest stock exchange in the world
Why is london important nationally?
Generates approximately 30% of UK’s GDP
Positive Social Impact of Migration on London
Enhances Cultural Diversity - festivals, food, art
Negative Social Impact of Migration on London
Overcrowded Schools and public services - strain on resources
Positive Economic impact of Migration on London
Job oppurtunities
Immigrants set up businesses
Pay public services, Tax, VAT - higher if it weren’t for immigrants
Negative economic impact of Migration on London
Rising Demand for houses
Increased pressure on healthcare, education and transport
Urban change opportunities - social
Cultural Mix - London is one of the most diverse places in the world
Opportunities of Urban Change - Economic
Employment Opportunities
- Productivity is 40% higher in London than UK
- London residents are more likely to be employed
Transport
- Integrated transport system
Opportunities of Urban change - Environmental
Urban Greening
- 8.1 million trees in London
- 3,000 parks = network for wildlife
Challenges of Urban Change - Economic and Social
Inequalities in health, housing, education, employment
Unequal wealth affects access to to success
Urban decline and Urban deprivation
What is Urban Decline
Deterioration from lack of investment
What is urban deprivation
Standard of living is below majority
Challenges of Urban Change - Environmental
Waste disposal and air pollution
Brownfield sites
Greenfield sites
Brownfield Site
Previously developed land
Greenfield site
An area of land that has not been developed
London’s population
8.8 million
Urban Regeneration Project
The Queen Elizabeth Park in Stratford
Economic reasoning for regeneration
Replaced previously deprived area Newham
Newham was the second poorest borough in London
Social Reasoning for regeneration
1 in 4 houses where overcrowded
An area of poverty
Environmental Reasoning for regeneration
Brownfield Site
Polluted air and rubbish
Positive impacts of the regeneration project - Environmental
Previous contaminated soil and polluted water replaced
New green spaces and wildlife habitats created
Positive impacts of the regeneration project - social
2,800 homes built - eventually 8,000 homes
Aquatic facilities - locals leisure, athletes
Positive impacts of the regeneration project - Economic
Lloyds estimated extra 10 billion income from the olympics
Tubes were installed for easy transport to London
Negative impacts of the regeneration project - environmental
The games itself produced 3.3 million tonnes of CO2
Building materials came from overseas - pollution
Negative impacts of the regeneration project - Social
Only 40% of housing was affordable
People in boroughs surrounding park remain in poverty
Negative impacts of the regeneration project - Economic
Prices have gone up - previous residents cannot afford
Existing businesses had to move
What is sustainable Urban Living
A city that can meet its needs without making it more difficult for future generations to meet their needs
Water conservation schemes
Collecting Rainwater for flushing toilers
Installing water metres - people have to pay for the amount of water they use
Encouraging people to use less water
Energy Conservation Schemes
Promoting renewable energy sources
Government incentives to make homes more energy efficient
Creating Green space
Encourage exercise
Break from the noise and bustle of the city
Reduce flooding
Reduce air pollution
Waste Recycling
More recycling = less waste in landfill
Collection of household recycling boxes
East Village sustainable Urban living features
Ten hectares of parks
new homes have recyclable waste storage
Wetland areas - water is recycled = water usage is 50% less than average urban area
Combined heat + power systems —> more efficient = Energy usage is 30% less than average urban area
Environmental issue of traffic congestion
Air pollution
Release of greenhouses gases contributes to global warming
Economic issue of Traffic congestion
Late to work
Productivity decreases
Economy declines
Social issues of Traffic congestion
Higher chance of accidents
Frustration of drivers
Delay emergency services
Public transport - Method to reduce traffic congestion
Less cars = Less air pollution
Integrated transport system = Quick and efficient
Cross Rails = More train routes so more accessible
ULEZ system - Method to reduce traffic congestion
Enforces people to use public transport = improves Economy
Cleaner air = more tourists and happy residents
Contributed to almost 50% reduction in nitrogen dioxide
