Changing Economic World - United Kingdom Flashcards
Globalisation
The process which has created a more connected world, with increases in the movements of goods (trade) and people (migration and tourism) worldwide
Deindustrilisation
The decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets and competition from NEEs
What phase is the UK in
Post-industrial
Governement Policy
A plan or course of action decided by a government to manage issues in a country
Changes in employment structure in the UK overtime
Primary sector decreased rapidly
Secondary sector peaked in 1900 then decreased
Tertiary increased rapidly after 1900
Quaternary sector started to increase after 1950
Main causes of deindustrilisation
Increasing cost of production
Globalisation
Declining investment leading to less competitiveness
Changing governmnet policies
Cycle of decline
Increased competitiveness of tertiary industries thank to education and technology
What is deindustriliastion doing in the UK
Decreasing percentage of jobs in manufacturing industry
Government policy shifted aaway from industries like coal mining - resulting in loss of 30,000 coal mines actoss UK
Globalisation has caused competition - Decrease in UK jobs because of imports
Local business struggle = de-multiplier effect
Positive impact of globalisation on the UK
Economic growth - trade with the rest of the world
Cheaper goods and services - items are produced in countries were people are paid lower wages than UK
High value production - manufacturing and service workers are paid better money = UK earns more
Migration - Migrants come to the UK to fill jobs
Foreign Investment - invest in UK bringing new ideas, technology and jobs
Negative impact of globalisation
Outsourcing Jobs - Jobs that were previously done in UK are done elsewhere = loss of jobs/lower wages in UK
Inequality - Gap between low paid workers and high paid skilled workers is increasing
Less manufacturing - More imports of manufactured goods, means fewer goods are produced in UK
Post Industrial Economy
THe economy of many economically developed countries where most employment is now in service industries
Examples of industries in the UKs post industrial/teritary sector
Finance
Development of technology
Research, Science and business parks
Service industries
Agglomeration
Similar businesses cluster together to share ideas
Growth Corridors
An area of the country where the economy is growing
Often along a major transport route linking two or more cities
How does the M4 contribute to the economy
Produces 8% of the UKs economic output
Home to high tech industry - well known industry
Example of a post industrial UK economy
Cambridge Science Park
Describe the location of Cambridge Science park
80km North of London
3km from Cabridge city centre
Close to London and Stanstead airport
Access to A14 and M11
Key Characteristics of Cambridge Science Park
7,250 jobs
Open green space with plenty of parking
1,500 bio-technology companies
UKs major hub for high-tech industry
Benefits to Cambridge due to the Science Park
Investment in local public transport sector
Reputation brings investment
Disadvantages for Cambridge due to the Science park
House prices are rising due to demand in area
Traffic and pedestrian congestion
Rail and road links cant cope with the demand
Effect of information technology on the economy
Mobile devices/smartphones enable information to be accessed almost anywhere
Comminications using satellite and internet promote the flow of information
Stimulates growth of incdustries as well as service and research
People are able to work from home and be self-employes
Effect of service industries on the economy
The largest sector in the UK - in employment and economic output
Financial sector employs over 2million people and contributes about 10% to the UKs GDP
Effect of development in reasearch on the economy
It employs over 60,000 highly educated people - contributes £3 billion ot UK economy
Research is linked to UK universities
Research is conducted by both government bodies and private organisations
Likely to be one of the UKs fastest growing industrial sectors in the future
Business Parks
Usually involve a group of small businesses on a single plot of land
They can involve retailing and small scale manufacturin as well as research development
they often benefit from association with other companies
Science parks
Tap into research and emplot recent graduates to apply academic knowledge to business innovation
Benefit from collabaration to share facilities
negative impacts of primary and secondary industries on the enviroment
Waste materials are often toxic, polluting the land and water supplies
Gas and soot emissions from burning coal polluted the air
landscapes in coal mining areas became tranformed by ugly spoil heaps
Example of a modern industrial development becoming sustainable
Torr Quarry Somerset
Harmful effects of Quarrying on the enviroment
Natural habitats were damaged and destroyed
Landscapes were transformed - often leaving ugly scars
Water sources were polluted
Extensive noise pollution and damage caused by huge lorries
Exhaust emissions caused atmospheric pollution
Potential postives of Torr Quarry for the industry
£15million towards the local economy - over 100 people are meployed there
Restored to create wildlife lakes for recreation and water supply
Planting trees and grass
How is the limestone Quarrying in Torr sustainable
Chippings are transported by rail rather than road to minimise the enviromental impact
There is regular monitoring of water quality, airborne emissions and noise
60 hectacres of the site have already been restored, with grass and trees
Future restoration will include the creation of lakes for wildlife and recreation
Potential negatives of Torr Quarry for the industry
Local issues with air pollution
Noise pollution
Mostly lower paid and lower skilled workers
Rural area that is seeing population growth
South Cambridgeshire
Because of economic opportunities - jobs/employment
What are the negative impacts of population growth in South cambridgeshire
Increased traffic congestion - reduced demand for public transport
High costs in houses - unaffordable
Reduction in agricultural employment
Petrol prices are higher - Increase in demand
Pressure on services
Why rural area is seeing population decline
Outer Hebrides
Migration outward
Limited opportunities - in search for better jobs
What are the negative impacts of population decline on Outer Hebrides
Schools are due to close - less children = decline in education
Foreign owned ships dominate deep-sea fishing - decrease in local fishing
Young people move = fewer workers
No support for ageing population
How are roads being developed
Many busy motorways are being converted to ‘smart motorways’ - controls traffic flow and reduces congestion
Over 100 new road schemes by 2020
Over 1,600 km of new lanes will be added to busy motorwats and major roads
Why are smart motorways being scrapped
Due to safety risk
How is the rail network being developed
London’s Crossrail - £15 billion project - 32km under central London - reduce commuting times
Electrfication of Trans-Pennine Expressway
HS2 (High speed 2) - £50 billion project - controversial where it runs close to high valued countryside settlements
Reasons for HS2
Thousands of jobs in the Midlands and Northern England
It is estimated to generate £40 billion for the UK economy
It will increase number of rail passengers - transport is more sustainable
Reduce number of people who fly between UK cities
Faster to travel between cities
Carbon neutral because reduces journeys that use other transport
Reasons against HS2
More likely to create jobs in london - people will commute there instead
The cost of HS2 is estimated £42billion - difficult to predict how much money it will generate
Existing rail routes can be improved instead
THe number of eople flying within the UK is already falling
People dont want to travel any faster - routes are already fast
It will increase CO2 emissions - hgih speed needs more power
WHat have been the development in ports
UK has always been a trading nation
Exports and imports goods through large ports - London, Liverpool, Grimsby and Southhampton
Largest port industry in Eurpe
Employs 120,000 people and handles 32 million passengers a year
What have been the developments on airports
Airports account for 3.6% of UKs GDP
Provides thousands of jobs and boosts local economies
750,000 flights depart from the UK
UKs airports handle close to 200million passengers a year
Heathrow Expansion
In 2016 the governement announced it plans to construct a third runway
The controversial decision has impacts on local communities
Expected to cost ove £18.6 bullion - one of the most expensive infastructure porjects in UK
Strict enviromental limits to reduce harmful emissions and limit aircraft noise
Create thousadns of jobs and boost the economy
The North-South Divide
The economic and cultural differences between Southern England and Northern England
There are clear differences in health condtions, house procesm earnings and political influences
What is the Norh-South Divide
People in the South tend to have higher income, life expactancy and genrally higher standard of living than those in the NOrth
High demand for housing in the South means that house prices are higher in th Norht
Unemployment rates are higher in the North as areas continue to adjust deindustrilasation
What caused the Nort-South divide
Deindustrilisation - traditional manufacturing industries were based in the North
The Northern economy declined and the South grew rapidly in response to the service sector in LOndon
Strategies used to resolve the North-South divide
Several schemes provide regional aid
Government incetive packages - attracts TNCs
Transport improvements
Northern Powerhouse - encorages industrial and infastructural devlopments
Enterprise Zones
Local Enterprise Partnerships
Enterprise Zones
Government incentives to encourage new businesses to set up in deprived areas
Discounted Rates, provision of super fast broadband and simplified planning
Local Enterprise Partner - LEP
Voluntary partnerships between local authorities and bussinesses to encourage investment and boost local economy
LEP example
Regional Growth Fund: Nissan, Sunderland
- Jobs for more than 2000 people
- Costs £125 million
What is the place of the UK in the wider world
The British empire covered aboyt a third of the world’s land area
Colonies in Africa, Asian pacific and America
20th century countries gained independence and the UK became a member of the common wealth
Today the Uk continues to have politaclm economic and cultural influece within organisations
UK links through trade
Trades with countries through - sea, air, road, rail
Main trading partners are the EU, USA, China
Germany is main source of imports and USA is main source of exports
Internet is increasingly important in financial and creative sectors
Post brexit the Uk is likely to develop stronger links outside the EU
UK links through culture
Art, Fashion, music, tv, film
TV us the UK’s creative industry - worth over £1.25 billion a year
Fashion, music, films are important exports
Migrants to the U have introduced there own cultural traits
UK links with Electric communications
Artic fibre project involves 15000km of cables linking London to Tokyo
The Uk is an important hub for global network of submarine cables
INtenet is increasingly important in global communications
UK links with transport
Ferries/Crusie ships transport people to Europe and the rest of the world
Links to mainland Europe via channel tunnel
THe UK has a long trading heritage - Developments of ports and airports
UKs political and economic links with the European Union
Goods, services capital and labour can move freely between countries
Fundings
Support to farmers - improves wildlife and enviroment
Hundreds of thousands of people enter Uk in search of hiher paid jobs
UKs link with the commonwealth
Sporting links - commonwealth games
Establishes strong cultural links - migrants
Encourages trade and business links
