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AQA GCSE Geography > The Challenge Of Natural Hazards - Tectonic > Flashcards

The Challenge Of Natural Hazards - Tectonic Flashcards

1
Q

What is a natural hazard?

A

A natural event that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage, destruction and death

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2
Q

Examples of a natural hazard

A

Earthquake

Volcano

Tropical storm

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3
Q

What factors affect the impact of a natural hazard?

A

Population - distribution and density

Frequency

Location - rock type, land relief

Magnitude

Level of development & wealth

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4
Q

What are the 3 Ps?

A

Prediction

Preparation

Prevention

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5
Q

What layers of the earth?

A

Inner core
Outer Core
Mantle
Crust

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6
Q

What are convection currents?

A

Occurs in the mantle

Magma rises from heat and then sinks as it cools down

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7
Q

What do convection currents do?

A

Build pressure

Carry plates with them

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8
Q

What are the two types of crust?

A

Oceanic

Continental

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9
Q

Oceanic crust

A

Newer

Thinner

Denser - sinks

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10
Q

Continental crust

A

Older

Very thick

Not dense - cannot sink

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11
Q

What is slab pull?

A

When denser plates sink into the mantle - due to gravity

It pulls the rest of the plate along behind it

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12
Q

What is ridge push

A

Magma rises and the plates move apart

Magma cools - new material forms = more dense

Slides down away from ridge = tectonic plates move away from each other

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13
Q

What is continental drift?

A

Theory discovered by Alfred Wegnar

All continents used to be combined - called Pangea

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14
Q

What is evidence for continental drift

A

Continents fit like puzzle pieces

Correlation of fossils

Mountainous areas match neighbouring countries

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15
Q

What is a destructive plate margin

A

Two plates collide with each other - due to convection currents

Oceanic crust is more dense - it sinks into mantle

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16
Q

What natural hazards occur along a destructive plate margin?

A

Earthquake - friction between to plates causes earthquakes

Volcano - friction and heat from mantle melts rock, hot liquid rises and volcano erupts

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17
Q

What is a constructive plate margin?

A

Two plates move apart

A new crust is formed - mid ocean ridge

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18
Q

What natural hazards occur along a constructive plate margin

A

Volcano

Magma rises up to form a volcano filling the gaps

Magma cools as plates are pulled apart - gap forms

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19
Q

What is a conservative plate margin?

A

Two continental plates move parallel to each other

Friction and pressure build up

Energy is released and the two plates move at different rates

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20
Q

What natural hazard occurs along a conservative plate margin

A

Earthquakes

Friction from plates sliding against each other

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21
Q

What are the two types of volcanoes?

A

Composite and Shield

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22
Q

Characteristics of a composite volcano

A

Sticky, viscous lava
Destructive plate margins
Explosive
Travels slowly
Steep sided volcano

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23
Q

Characteristics of a Shield volcano

A

Runny Lava
Constructive plate margin
Non-explosive
Travels quickly
Shallow sided volcano

24
Q

What are the seven main volcanic hazards

A

Volcanic Gases
Landslides
Lahar
Lava flows
Pyroclastic flows
Tephra
Jokulhlaup

25
Q

Volcano Case study

A

Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland

26
Q

Location of Eyjafjallajokull

A

Eruption was 100km away from the capital city of Iceland

27
Q

Magnitude of Eyjafjallajokull

A

140million3 of material was ejected in the first five days

First 24 hours - 3.1 magnitude

28
Q

Date and Time of Eyjafjallajokull eruption

A

Began in March 2010 - wasn’t a threat

14th -18th April - most explosive phase and height of crisis

29
Q

Causes of Eyjafjallajokull eruption

A

The volcano had been active since 1863

Constructive plate margin runs through Iceland

Slab pull + convection currents

30
Q

Primary effect of Eyjafjallajokull

A

Huge ash cloud - main hazard

Ice caps melted

Thick clouds of ash were omitted

Ash travelled impacting neighbouring countries

31
Q

Secondary effects of Eyjafjallajokull

A

Transport was cut off

Air was polluted - injuring and disturbing

Jobs cut off meaning expenses stacked up - UK lost £102 million in 6 days

32
Q

Immediate responses to Eyjafjallajokull

A

Airlines closed - ash damaged plane systems

Computers used to monitor the clouds movement

33
Q

Long term responses to Eyjafjallajokull

A

Food had to be imported and without transport it was difficult

People began to question whether the strict guidelines were necessary

34
Q

What is an earthquake

A

A sudden or violent movement within the Earth’s crust followed by a series of shocks

35
Q

What is used to measure Earthquakes

A

Richter scale

1 = 10 times greater

36
Q

What is a tectonic hazard

A

A natural hazard caused by the movement of tectonic plates

37
Q

Epicentre

A

The point inside the crust where the pressure is released

38
Q

Focus

A

The point of origin of an earthquake within the earths crust

39
Q

Earthquake HIC case study

A

L’aquilla, Italy

40
Q

Important facts about L’aquilla

A

L’aquilla is a city in central Italy

High Income country

41
Q

Magnitude and time of L’aquilla earthquake

A

6.3 on Richter scale

6th April 2009 - 3.32am

42
Q

Causes of L’aquilla earthquake

A

Destructive Plate margin

4.6 magnitude tremor shook the area

43
Q

Primary effect of L’aquilla earthquake

A

10,000 buildings destroyed

Deaths were reported

People were looking for safety and shelter

44
Q

Secondary effects of L’aquilla earthquake

A

Phone and power lines went down

Rescuers were sent to search the rubble;e

Landslides = rockfall

Bridges and roads closed

45
Q

Immediate responses to L’aquilla earthquake

A

Declared a state of Emergency

People were hosted in tents and hostels

Free mobile calls

Rescue services were stretched to the breaking point

46
Q

Long term responses to L’aquilla earthquake

A

Two field hospitals thrived

Open air medical help

11 million in cost damage

47
Q

Earthquake LIC case study

A

Gorkha, Nepal

48
Q

Important facts about Gorkha earthquake

A

City in Nepal

Low income country

49
Q

Magnitude and date of Gorkha earthquake

A

7.8 magnitude on the Richter scale

25th April 2015

50
Q

Causes of the Gorkha earthquake

A

Destructive plate margin

Build up of stress causing sudden thrusts

Tectonic forces built up movement along plates leading to earthquake

51
Q

Primary effects of Gorkha earthquake

A

Earthquake triggered Avalanche on Mount Everest

Buildings were destroyed

Deaths reported

Belongings lost

52
Q

Secondary effects of Gorkha earthquake

A

People had noc house but to sleep outside - exposed

Harvest was lost - income fluctuated - valuable food

Resources were running out

Tourism decreased - income decreased

53
Q

Immediate responses to Gorkha earthquake

A

People were living in tents in fields

People pulled others out the rubble to help

International countries shared resources

54
Q

Long term responses to Gorkha earthquake

A

Countries offered support

Task force for dealing with earthquakes cam to help

People were educated

5 billion cost damage

55
Q

4 ways to manage tectonic hazards

A

Planning

Protection

Prediction

Monitoring

56
Q

Why do people live in areas at risk from tectonic hazards

A

Richer soils - good for agriculture

Mining - energy and income

Can’t afford to move

Family and friends

Not understanding risk

Not high enough risk

AQA GCSE Geography (16 decks)

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