Physical Lanscapes in the UK - Glaciers Flashcards

1
Q

How many years ago was the last ice age

A

22,000

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2
Q

What is a glacier

A

A large amount of ice/snow that originates on land and moves downwards

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3
Q

Glacier formation

A
  1. Glaciers form when snow remains in the same area year-round and slowly transforms to ice
  2. New layers of snow bury and compress the previous layers
  3. This compression forces the snow to re-crystalline, forming small sugar like grains
  4. Grains get larger and air pockets get smaller, snow slowly compacts and increases in density
  5. The snow turns to firn/neve - a state between snow and glacier ice
  6. This process takes more than 100 years
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4
Q

Freeze thaw weathering

A

Rainwater enters the cracks

Temperature drops and water freezes to ice

Ice expands forcing the rock apart - Expansion by 9-11%

Once the rock breaks in two and then it breaks into smaller pieces

The process repeats

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5
Q

Abrasion

A

Rocks at the bottom of the glacier grind over the bedrock - creates sharp grooves called striations

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6
Q

Plucking

A

A glacier moves over an area of rock, friction causes glacier to melt and water seeps into cracks - freeze thaw weathering occurs

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7
Q

Rotational Slip

A

The mass of the ice and slope act to make the ice move down slope in a curved or rotational movement

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8
Q

Till

A

Debris that is transported by glaciers in various ways

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9
Q

Bulldozing

A

When a glacier moves forwards it can act like an earth mover

Bulldozing rocks and debris to create a high ridge = moraine

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10
Q

3 ways till is carried in a glacier

A

Supraglacial - top

Englacial - middle

Subglacial - bottom

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11
Q

2 types material that forms when glacial till is deposited

A

Moraine Till - Angular Rocks and boulders

Outwash - Rounded rocks due to attrition by river erosion

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12
Q

4 types of moraine

A

Lateral

Medial

Ground

Terminal

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13
Q

Glacial Deposition - What and Why

A

When ice loses enrgy it starts to drop materials

Unsorted mixture of material is deposited anywhere

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14
Q

Lateral Moraine

A

Runs along the edges of the glacial trough

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15
Q

Medial Moraine

A

When two lateral moraines merge a large ridge of rock forms - thick dark strip running down the glacier

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16
Q

Ground Moraine

A

Gets lodged and deposited under the glacier

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17
Q

Terminal Moraine

A

Ridge that is made up of bulldozed material, by the snout of the glacier and allows glacier to advance

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18
Q

Landforms resulting from transportation and deposition

A

Drumlins

Erratics

The 4 types of Moraine

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19
Q

What are drumlins

A

Egg-shaped hills made up of mounds of till

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20
Q

What do drumlins show

A

The tapered end points in the direction of ice flow

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21
Q

How are drumlins formed

A

Ice from glaciers bulldozes a u-shaped valley

22
Q

What are a group of drumlins called

23
Q

What are erratics

A

Large boulders that sit on top of a different type of rock on the landscape

24
Q

Where are erratics transported

A

Far from the origin

Travel huge distances

25
Formation of a corrie and tarn
- Snow accumulates in north face slopes - Snow is compressed into ice - firn - Ice freezes at the bottom of the hollow - plucking occurs making the back wall steeper - Freeze-thaw weathering occurs at the top of the slope producing scree which is incorporated into glacier - Ice slides downhill - rotational slip and abrasion - Abrasion deepens the base of the corrie - Less erosion at front of glacier - corrie lip forms - Ice in Corrie melts and tarn forms in centre
26
What is an Arête
Ridge formed by two back to back corries
27
What is a Corrie
A bowl shaped hollow with steep back walls and ridges
28
What is a Tarn
A small round lake in a Corrie
29
What is a Pyramidal Peak
When three or more corries form a single peak were the arêtes meet
30
What is glacial trough
The process of: A glacier passing through a v-shaped valley and taking out the sides forming a u-shaped valley - by abrasion and plucking
31
What is a Hanging valley
Tributaries that water escapes from forms waterfalls Which are referred to as hanging valleys
32
What are truncated spurs
The sides along the glacial trough
33
How are truncated spurs formed
Powerful ice removes obstacles, leaving a clear path Forming a u-shaped valley
34
What are ribbon lakes
Long thin lakes that collect meltwater and rainwater
35
How are ribbon lakes formed
Different rates of erosion occur at different rock types - hard and soft Some parts of the valley floor are over-deepened (soft)
36
Soft and hard rock examples
Soft = clay Hard = graphite
37
AN example of an upland area in the Uk affected by glaciation
The Lake District
38
Two physical characteristics of the Lake District
Mountains and ridges Wide steep sided U-shaped valley
39
State two human characteristics of the Lake District
Agriculture and Farming Infrastructure - homes, energy, transport
40
Economic Activity in the Lake District
Tourism - Home to millions of visitors a year Quarrying - Lake District has tough rock, can be used for kitchens and pavement Forestry - Fast growing trees in the Lake District are well suited for the weather Farming - high quality livestock and healthy environment
41
Why is there conflict in the Lake District
Different Land Use
42
Conflict between tourists and locals
Tourists increase house prices - unaffordable for locals
43
Conflict between tourists and environment agency
Bikers erode footpath - ruin natural area
44
Conflict between quarrying and conservation
Quarrying destroys natural landscape making it unattractive
45
Conflict between locals and conservation
Wind turbines cause visual pollution Reservoirs destroy habitats and disrupt water flow - economic benefits & reduce flooding
46
Honey Pot Site
A place of natural or human interest that attracts people in large numbers This puts pressure on the environment and local population
47
Tourist attractions in the Lake District
Lake Windermere (Honeypot Site) - Water sports - Boating and fishing Helvellyn (mountain Landscapes) - Hiking Ambleside (small town) - Historic houses and gardens - Beatrix potter’s house
48
Social Impacts of tourists
Almost 50 million people visit each year - pressure on facilities Traffic congestion on narrow roads High demand for properties - locals can’t afford Jobs are seasonal
49
Environmental impacts of tourism
Foot path erosion Pollution - traffic and litter
50
Economic impacts of tourism
Employment is boosted from tourism Businesses are promoted by tourism Jobs are seasonal
51
Management strategy for traffic congestion
Public transport is encouraged - bus routes for hikers ‘Give the driver a break’ - encouraged to not use cars
52
Management strategy for footpath erosion
Volunteers work with local groups to restore footpaths - local stone and sheep wool = more resilient Encouraging people to stay on footpaths - more signs Planting plants that withstand trampling - reduces erosion