Physical Lanscapes in the UK - Glaciers

Question 1

How many years ago was the last ice age

Answer 1

22,000

Question 2

What is a glacier

Answer 2

A large amount of ice/snow that originates on land and moves downwards

Question 3

Glacier formation

Answer 3

1. Glaciers form when snow remains in the same area year-round and slowly transforms to ice
2. New layers of snow bury and compress the previous layers
3. This compression forces the snow to re-crystalline, forming small sugar like grains
4. Grains get larger and air pockets get smaller, snow slowly compacts and increases in density
5. The snow turns to firn/neve - a state between snow and glacier ice
6. This process takes more than 100 years

Question 4

Freeze thaw weathering

Answer 4

Rainwater enters the cracks

Temperature drops and water freezes to ice

Ice expands forcing the rock apart - Expansion by 9-11%

Once the rock breaks in two and then it breaks into smaller pieces

The process repeats

Question 5

Abrasion

Answer 5

Rocks at the bottom of the glacier grind over the bedrock - creates sharp grooves called striations

Question 6

Plucking

Answer 6

A glacier moves over an area of rock, friction causes glacier to melt and water seeps into cracks - freeze thaw weathering occurs

Question 7

Rotational Slip

Answer 7

The mass of the ice and slope act to make the ice move down slope in a curved or rotational movement

Question 8

Till

Answer 8

Debris that is transported by glaciers in various ways

Question 9

Bulldozing

Answer 9

When a glacier moves forwards it can act like an earth mover

Bulldozing rocks and debris to create a high ridge = moraine

Question 10

3 ways till is carried in a glacier

Answer 10

Supraglacial - top

Englacial - middle

Subglacial - bottom

Question 11

2 types material that forms when glacial till is deposited

Answer 11

Moraine Till - Angular Rocks and boulders

Outwash - Rounded rocks due to attrition by river erosion

Question 12

4 types of moraine

Answer 12

Lateral

Medial

Ground

Terminal

Question 13

Glacial Deposition - What and Why

Answer 13

When ice loses enrgy it starts to drop materials

Unsorted mixture of material is deposited anywhere

Question 14

Lateral Moraine

Answer 14

Runs along the edges of the glacial trough

Question 15

Medial Moraine

Answer 15

When two lateral moraines merge a large ridge of rock forms - thick dark strip running down the glacier

Question 16

Ground Moraine

Answer 16

Gets lodged and deposited under the glacier

Question 17

Terminal Moraine

Answer 17

Ridge that is made up of bulldozed material, by the snout of the glacier and allows glacier to advance

Question 18

Landforms resulting from transportation and deposition

Answer 18

Drumlins

Erratics

The 4 types of Moraine

Question 19

What are drumlins

Answer 19

Egg-shaped hills made up of mounds of till

Question 20

What do drumlins show

Answer 20

The tapered end points in the direction of ice flow

Question 21

How are drumlins formed

Answer 21

Ice from glaciers bulldozes a u-shaped valley

Question 22

What are a group of drumlins called

Answer 22

A swarm

Question 23

What are erratics

Answer 23

Large boulders that sit on top of a different type of rock on the landscape

Question 24

Where are erratics transported

Answer 24

Far from the origin

Travel huge distances

Question 25

Formation of a corrie and tarn

Answer 25

- Snow accumulates in north face slopes - Snow is compressed into ice - firn - Ice freezes at the bottom of the hollow - plucking occurs making the back wall steeper - Freeze-thaw weathering occurs at the top of the slope producing scree which is incorporated into glacier - Ice slides downhill - rotational slip and abrasion - Abrasion deepens the base of the corrie - Less erosion at front of glacier - corrie lip forms - Ice in Corrie melts and tarn forms in centre

Question 26

What is an Arête

Answer 26

Ridge formed by two back to back corries

Question 27

What is a Corrie

Answer 27

A bowl shaped hollow with steep back walls and ridges

Question 28

What is a Tarn

Answer 28

A small round lake in a Corrie

Question 29

What is a Pyramidal Peak

Answer 29

When three or more corries form a single peak were the arêtes meet

Question 30

What is glacial trough

Answer 30

The process of: A glacier passing through a v-shaped valley and taking out the sides forming a u-shaped valley - by abrasion and plucking

Question 31

What is a Hanging valley

Answer 31

Tributaries that water escapes from forms waterfalls Which are referred to as hanging valleys

Question 32

What are truncated spurs

Answer 32

The sides along the glacial trough

Question 33

How are truncated spurs formed

Answer 33

Powerful ice removes obstacles, leaving a clear path Forming a u-shaped valley

Question 34

What are ribbon lakes

Answer 34

Long thin lakes that collect meltwater and rainwater

Question 35

How are ribbon lakes formed

Answer 35

Different rates of erosion occur at different rock types - hard and soft Some parts of the valley floor are over-deepened (soft)

Question 36

Soft and hard rock examples

Answer 36

Soft = clay Hard = graphite

Question 37

AN example of an upland area in the Uk affected by glaciation

Answer 37

The Lake District

Question 38

Two physical characteristics of the Lake District

Answer 38

Mountains and ridges Wide steep sided U-shaped valley

Question 39

State two human characteristics of the Lake District

Answer 39

Agriculture and Farming Infrastructure - homes, energy, transport

Question 40

Economic Activity in the Lake District

Answer 40

Tourism - Home to millions of visitors a year Quarrying - Lake District has tough rock, can be used for kitchens and pavement Forestry - Fast growing trees in the Lake District are well suited for the weather Farming - high quality livestock and healthy environment

Question 41

Why is there conflict in the Lake District

Answer 41

Different Land Use

Question 42

Conflict between tourists and locals

Answer 42

Tourists increase house prices - unaffordable for locals

Question 43

Conflict between tourists and environment agency

Answer 43

Bikers erode footpath - ruin natural area

Question 44

Conflict between quarrying and conservation

Answer 44

Quarrying destroys natural landscape making it unattractive

Question 45

Conflict between locals and conservation

Answer 45

Wind turbines cause visual pollution Reservoirs destroy habitats and disrupt water flow - economic benefits & reduce flooding

Question 46

Honey Pot Site

Answer 46

A place of natural or human interest that attracts people in large numbers This puts pressure on the environment and local population

Question 47

Tourist attractions in the Lake District

Answer 47

Lake Windermere (Honeypot Site) - Water sports - Boating and fishing Helvellyn (mountain Landscapes) - Hiking Ambleside (small town) - Historic houses and gardens - Beatrix potter’s house

Question 48

Social Impacts of tourists

Answer 48

Almost 50 million people visit each year - pressure on facilities Traffic congestion on narrow roads High demand for properties - locals can’t afford Jobs are seasonal

Question 49

Environmental impacts of tourism

Answer 49

Foot path erosion Pollution - traffic and litter

Question 50

Economic impacts of tourism

Answer 50

Employment is boosted from tourism Businesses are promoted by tourism Jobs are seasonal

Question 51

Management strategy for traffic congestion

Answer 51

Public transport is encouraged - bus routes for hikers ‘Give the driver a break’ - encouraged to not use cars

Question 52

Management strategy for footpath erosion

Answer 52

Volunteers work with local groups to restore footpaths - local stone and sheep wool = more resilient Encouraging people to stay on footpaths - more signs Planting plants that withstand trampling - reduces erosion