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AQA GCSE Geography > Physical Lanscapes in the UK - Glaciers > Flashcards

Physical Lanscapes in the UK - Glaciers Flashcards

1
Q

How many years ago was the last ice age

A

22,000

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2
Q

What is a glacier

A

A large amount of ice/snow that originates on land and moves downwards

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3
Q

Glacier formation

A
  1. Glaciers form when snow remains in the same area year-round and slowly transforms to ice
  2. New layers of snow bury and compress the previous layers
  3. This compression forces the snow to re-crystalline, forming small sugar like grains
  4. Grains get larger and air pockets get smaller, snow slowly compacts and increases in density
  5. The snow turns to firn/neve - a state between snow and glacier ice
  6. This process takes more than 100 years
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4
Q

Freeze thaw weathering

A

Rainwater enters the cracks

Temperature drops and water freezes to ice

Ice expands forcing the rock apart - Expansion by 9-11%

Once the rock breaks in two and then it breaks into smaller pieces

The process repeats

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5
Q

Abrasion

A

Rocks at the bottom of the glacier grind over the bedrock - creates sharp grooves called striations

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6
Q

Plucking

A

A glacier moves over an area of rock, friction causes glacier to melt and water seeps into cracks - freeze thaw weathering occurs

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7
Q

Rotational Slip

A

The mass of the ice and slope act to make the ice move down slope in a curved or rotational movement

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8
Q

Till

A

Debris that is transported by glaciers in various ways

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9
Q

Bulldozing

A

When a glacier moves forwards it can act like an earth mover

Bulldozing rocks and debris to create a high ridge = moraine

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10
Q

3 ways till is carried in a glacier

A

Supraglacial - top

Englacial - middle

Subglacial - bottom

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11
Q

2 types material that forms when glacial till is deposited

A

Moraine Till - Angular Rocks and boulders

Outwash - Rounded rocks due to attrition by river erosion

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12
Q

4 types of moraine

A

Lateral

Medial

Ground

Terminal

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13
Q

Glacial Deposition - What and Why

A

When ice loses enrgy it starts to drop materials

Unsorted mixture of material is deposited anywhere

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14
Q

Lateral Moraine

A

Runs along the edges of the glacial trough

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15
Q

Medial Moraine

A

When two lateral moraines merge a large ridge of rock forms - thick dark strip running down the glacier

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16
Q

Ground Moraine

A

Gets lodged and deposited under the glacier

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17
Q

Terminal Moraine

A

Ridge that is made up of bulldozed material, by the snout of the glacier and allows glacier to advance

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18
Q

Landforms resulting from transportation and deposition

A

Drumlins

Erratics

The 4 types of Moraine

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19
Q

What are drumlins

A

Egg-shaped hills made up of mounds of till

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20
Q

What do drumlins show

A

The tapered end points in the direction of ice flow

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21
Q

How are drumlins formed

A

Ice from glaciers bulldozes a u-shaped valley

22
Q

What are a group of drumlins called

A

A swarm

23
Q

What are erratics

A

Large boulders that sit on top of a different type of rock on the landscape

24
Q

Where are erratics transported

A

Far from the origin

Travel huge distances

25
Q

Formation of a corrie and tarn

A

Snow accumulates in north face slopes

Snow can no longer hold weld - compressed into ice

Ice freezes at the bottom of the hollow - plucking occurs making the back wall steeper

Freeze-thaw weathering occurs at the top of the slope producing scree which is incorporated into glacier

Ice slides downhill, due to abrasion wearing away at the base of the corrie - corrie deepens

Less erosion at front of glacier - corrie lip forms

Ice in Corrie melts and tarn forms in centre

26
Q

What is an Arête

A

Ridge formed by two back to back corries

27
Q

What is a Corrie

A

A bowl shaped hollow with steep back walls and ridges

28
Q

What is a Tarn

A

A small round lake in a Corrie

29
Q

What is a Pyramidal Peak

A

When three or more corries form a single peak were the arêtes meet

30
Q

What is glacial trough

A

The process of:

A glacier passing through a v-shaped valley and taking out the sides forming a v-shaped valley - by abrasion and plucking

31
Q

What is a Hanging valley

A

Tributaries that water escapes from forms waterfalls

Which are referred to as hanging valleys

32
Q

What are truncated spurs

A

The sides along the glacial trough

33
Q

How are truncated spurs formed

A

Powerful ice removes obstacles, leaving a clear path

Forming a u-shaped valley

34
Q

What are ribbon lakes

A

Long thin lakes that collect meltwater and rainwater

35
Q

How are ribbon lakes formed

A

Different rates of erosion occur at different rock types - hard and soft

Some parts of the valley floor are over-deepened (soft)

36
Q

Soft and hard rock examples

A

Soft = clay

Hard = graphite

37
Q

AN example of an upland area in the Uk affected by glaciation

A

The Lake District

38
Q

Two physical characteristics of the Lake District

A

Mountains and ridges

Wide steep sided U-shaped valley

39
Q

State two human characteristics of the Lake District

A

Agriculture and Farming

Infrastructure - homes, energy, transport

40
Q

Economic Activity in the Lake District

A

Tourism - Home to thousands of visitors a year

Quarrying - Lake District has tough rock, can be used for kitchens and pavement

Forestry - Fast growing trees in the Lake District are well suited for the weather

Farming - high quality livestock and healthy environment

41
Q

Why is there conflict in the Lake District

A

Different Land Use

42
Q

Conflict between tourists and locals

A

Tourists increase house prices - unaffordable for locals

43
Q

Conflict between tourists and environment agency

A

Bikers erode footpath - ruin natural area

44
Q

Conflict between quarrying and conservation

A

Quarrying destroys natural landscape making it unattractive

45
Q

Conflict between locals and conservation

A

Wind turbines cause visual pollution

Reservoirs destroy habitats and disrupt water flow - economic benefits & reduce flooding

46
Q

Honey Pot Site

A

A place of natural or human interest that attracts people in large numbers

This puts pressure on the environment and local population

47
Q

Tourist attractions in the Lake District

A

Lake Windermere (Honeypot Site)
- Water sports
- Boating and fishing

Helvellyn (mountain Landscapes)
- Hiking

Ambleside (small town)
- Historic houses and gardens
- Beatrix potter’s house

48
Q

Social Impacts of tourists

A

Almost 50 million people visit each year - pressure on facilities

Traffic congestion on narrow roads

High demand for properties - locals can’t afford

Jobs are seasonal

49
Q

Environmental impacts of tourism

A

Foot path erosion

Pollution - traffic and litter

50
Q

Economic impacts of tourism

A

Employment is boosted from tourism

Businesses are promoted by tourism

Jobs are seasonal

51
Q

Management strategy for traffic congestion

A

Public transport is encouraged - bus routes for hikers

‘Give the driver a break’ - encouraged to not use cars

52
Q

Management strategy for footpath erosion

A

Volunteers work with local groups to restore footpaths - local stone and sheep wool = more resilient

Encouraging people to stay on footpaths - more signs

Planting plants that withstand trampling - reduces erosion

AQA GCSE Geography (16 decks)

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