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AQA GCSE Geography > The Challenge Of Natural Hazards - Weather > Flashcards

The Challenge Of Natural Hazards - Weather Flashcards

1
Q

Weather

A

The state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time, including temperature, precipitation, humidity and wind speed

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2
Q

Climate

A

the weather conditions prevailing an area in general or over a long period

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3
Q

Insolation

A

The amount of solar radiation reaching a given area

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4
Q

Insolation

A

The amount of solar radiation reaching a given area

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5
Q

Latitude

A

The angular distance of a place north or south of the earth’s equator

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6
Q

What factors affect a place’s climate?

A

Location - Latitude

Distance from sea

Insolation

Relief of Land

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7
Q

What does global atmospheric circulation do

A

Determine patterns of weather and climate

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8
Q

High Insolation occurs…

A

Low latitudes
Close to the equator
Rays are spread over smaller area and shorter distance

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9
Q

Low Insolation occurs…

A

At the poles
Rays are spread over larger area and longer distance

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10
Q

What are convection currents in the atmosphere

A

Warm air rises because it is less dense

Cool air sinks because it is more dense

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11
Q

How does air pressure vary in the atmosphere

A

Rising air creates low pressure

Sinking air creates high pressure

Particle move from high to low pressure

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12
Q

What is the order of cells in the global atmospheric circulation model

A

Polar cell
Ferrel Cell
Hadley Cell
Hadley Cell
Ferrel Cell
Polar Cell

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13
Q

What does wind do

A

Transports heat energy

Prevents the equator getting continually hotter and the poles getting continually colder

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14
Q

What is the global circulation of wind caused by

A

Heating at the Equator

Cooling at the poles

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15
Q

How does wind form

A

Air flows from high pressure to low pressure

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16
Q

What is the Coriolis effect

A

The spinning of the earth causes wind to deflect movement

Southern Hemisphere - clockwise

Northern hemisphere - Anti-clockwise

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17
Q

Tropical Storm

A

An area of low pressure with winds moving in a spiral around a calm central area, called the eye of the storm

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18
Q

Where are tropical storms found?

A

Areas of Low Latitude

5-30 degrees North and SOuth of the equator

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19
Q

Hurricanes

A

Atlantic Ocean

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20
Q

Cyclones

A

Indian Ocean

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21
Q

Typhoons

A

Pacific Ocean

22
Q

What are the characteristics of a tropical storm

A

Direction of spin

Eye of Storm

Ring of clouds

23
Q

How can we categorise tropical storms

A

Safire Simpson Scale

24
Q

What are the conditions for Tropical storms

A

Sea temperature above 27* - Provides heat and moisture so air can rise

Low wind shear - constant and no vary in height of winds = clouds rise without being torn apart

30 degrees north and south of equator - Coriolis effect is strong enough for storm to spin

25
Q

What is the formation of a tropical storm

A
  1. Warm air rises rapidly from the heat of the tropical oceans
  2. Strong winds form as rising air draws up air and moisture
  3. Rising air spins a calm eye of storm due to coriolis effect
  4. Rising air cools and condenses - forming large clouds and rainfall
  5. Heat is given odd as it cools - which powers the tropical storm
  6. Cold air sinks in the eye - clear, dry, calm
  7. Storm travels across ocean with the prevailing wind
  8. Storm reaches land and dissipates (Not enough evaporation or heat to power the storm)
26
Q

How does climate change affect the distribution of tropical storms

A

Ocean temperatures increase
So More storms occur on a larger scale

27
Q

How does climate change affect the Intensity of tropical storms

A

Temperature has increased
So more energy enervated for stronger more intense storms

28
Q

How does climate change affect the frequency of tropical storms

A

Increase temperature
There is more energy to fuel tropical storms
An increase in number of storms

29
Q

Categories of Saffire Simpson scale (1-5)

A

1 - Damage to vegetation
2 - Damage to roofs, doors and windows
3 - Structural damage to buildings, storm surge
4 - Structural failure to buildings, extreme storm surge damage, flooding
5 - Catastrophic storm surge

30
Q

Named example of a tropical storm

A

Typhoon Haiyan

31
Q

Location of Typhoon Haiyan

A

South-East Asia

Travelled East-West across the Philippines
Travelled North-West out of Philippines

West Asia - 3 of Saffire Simpson scale

32
Q

Time of Typhoon Haiyan

A

November 2013

7th November it reached land - 5 on saffire Simpson scale

33
Q

Facts about the Philippines that show vulnerability

A

Densely populated

Population is distributed largely on the coast

Landslides disaster risk is high

Widespread poverty

34
Q

Primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan

A

STORM SURGE

6,300 people killed - most drowned in storm surge

30,000 fishing boats destroyed

Buildings, power lines, crops destroyed

35
Q

Secondary effects of Typhoon Haiyan

A

Flooding caused landslides - blocked roads and cut off air to remote communities

Transport services disrupted

Shortages of food/water/shelter - outbreaks of disease

1/3 of survivors homeless

36
Q

Immediate responses to Typhoon Haiyan

A

Over 1200 evacuation centres set up

Government responded with food aid, water and temporary shelters

37
Q

Long term responses to Typhoon Haiyan

A

Rebuilding of roads, bridges and airport facilities

Aid agencies supported the replacement of fishing boats - main source of income

Cyclone shelters built to accommodate evacuated people

38
Q

What affects the effectiveness of responses

A

Wealth

Population

Access to Resources

39
Q

Monitoring and prediction

A

Tracking the course of a tropical storm using improved technology, allowing scientists to determine what course the storm is taking

40
Q

Planning

A

Raising community awareness to reduce the effects of tropical storms

41
Q

Protection

A

Designing building that will withstand tropical storms

42
Q

Extreme Weather

A

When a weather event is significantly different from the average or usual weather pattern, and is especially severe or unseasonal

43
Q

Weather Hazards experienced in the UK

A

Drought
Heavy rain
Heatwaves
Extreme cold weather
Thunderstorms
High winds

44
Q

Example of extreme weather events in the UK

A

Beast from the East

45
Q

Location and Time of Beast from the East

A

February 2018

UK - leaving virtually no countries untouched

46
Q

Characteristics of the Beast from the East

A

Syberian blast of snow

Extremely cold temperature

Strong winds

47
Q

Cause of the Beast from the East

A

Northern Polar jet stream twisted direction and drew in air to the Uk from the east

48
Q

What caused the bending of the Northern polar Jet stream

A

Increase in temperature of teh artic

Reversed the UK’s westerly winds to easterly

Air was picked up as moisture over the North Sea - huge amounts of snow to the UK

49
Q

Primary effects of the Beast from the East

A

Gusts of 60-70 mph wind - Northern England and Wales

Rural areas = -12 degrees Celsius

Snow drifts were as high as 7m in places

50
Q

Secondary effects of the Beast from the East

A

Some hospitals cancelled outpatient appointments

Thousands of schools were closed

Estimated 8,260 collisions in 3 days - insurance cost above 10 million

51
Q

Responses to the Beast from the East

A

Red weather warning issued - advised to stay indoors

Councils sent out gritters and snow ploughs to clear the roads

Army and Royal Air Force personnel were called to transport key workers to work

AQA GCSE Geography (16 decks)

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