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geography > urban issues and challenges > Flashcards

urban issues and challenges Flashcards

1
Q

megacity definition

A

a very large city with a population in excess of over 10 million

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2
Q

why does urbanisation occur

A

RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION
- main driver of urbanisation
-> most of the migrants are young -> they migrate from the countryside to cities because of pull factors

LOCATION
- historically, cities have grown on rivers, coasts and other busy transport routes
-> trade can thrive
-> even today, many of the megacities are ports which are good location for trade

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
- cities that trade are also a good place for business
-> they grow economically -> economic growth creates jobs that attract people -> people bring their ideas and enterprises on which the city thrives

NATURAL INCREASE
- the young population in many cities leads to high rates of natural increase
- cities tend to have better healthcare than rural areas -> death rates are lower and life expectancy is higher

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3
Q

push factors of migration (push people away from rural areas)

A
  • land scarcity
  • political/religious persecution
  • civil war
  • flooding
  • over population
  • lack of services
  • high crime
  • poverty
  • lack of safety
  • drought
  • crop failure
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4
Q

pull factors of migration (attract people to urban areas)

A
  • lower risk from natural hazards
  • higher employment
  • better services
  • more wealth
  • hope for a new life
  • political stability
  • more fertile land
  • good climate
  • safer, less crime
  • promise of freedom (religious and political)
  • “streets paved with gold”
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5
Q

distribution definition

A

how things are spread out over an area

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6
Q

population density

A

number of people in a given area - calculated by dividing number of people by area

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7
Q

London’s NATIONAL importance:

A
  • 40% of London is green space - greenest city in world
  • 60% of Londoners have a degree
  • Londoners earn 23% more than the national average
  • the wider London area has a population of over 9 million people
  • London has 8 royal parks
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8
Q

londons INTERNATIONAL influence

A
  • several major international airports
  • 800,000 people commute to London everyday for work
  • LHR: 78 million passengers in 2018
  • global hub connecting UK to rest of the world
  • 37% of Londoners were born abroad
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9
Q

impacts of migration

A
  • 26% of doctors were born outside of the UK
  • help pay for public services
  • makes a more diverse community
  • overall good
  • number of immigrants have increased -> some people think they take jobs from people who were born there -> sometimes they do the jobs no one wants to do
  • they help the economy
  • 40% of immigrants live in London
  • some say they are a drain on the NHS -> they are younger so don’t use it as much
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10
Q

cultural impact of migration in London

A

LONDON ARTS AND HERITAGE
- complex levels in society
- are diversity schemes happening
-> give people a chance to be place in mainstream places
-> only good if supported and sustainable
- museums are not very cultural and can be intimidating for some

LONDON RIOTS
- came from divide in society -> lack of education, work + people in debt
- people took the opportunity
- shops being destroyed
- escalated quickly
- started in Tottenham -> families are completely broken down -> parents can’t take control of their kids

CHINESE CULTURE/INFLUENCE
- fun thing to do with families
- thousands of people queuing to get a good view of the celebrations
- chinese new year has become a huge celebration
-> performances
-> colourful parades
-> dance

MINI-INDIA (SOUTHALL)

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11
Q

cultural mix definition

A

refers to a country or place that has more than one culture living together in close proximity

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12
Q

multiculturalism definition

A

an issue in many high income countries and can be viewed in both a positive and negative light and as something that can pose problems that need careful management

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13
Q

what did the 2011 census reveal about Londons cultural mix

A
  • London is one of the most diverse places in the world
  • in Newham, Brent and tower Hamlets, white people are the minority
  • inner London has the highest non-white population in the country
    -> 37% of residents from an ethnic minority
  • London is the most diverse part of the country
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14
Q

advantages of Londons cultural mix

A
  • enriches huge areas of Londons cultural life
    -> array of food on nearly every high street, music variety
  • great exposure people get to other religions, languages and cultural parties
  • London benefits from huge cultural events celebrating this multiculturalism
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15
Q

challenges of Londons cultural mix

A
  • integration
    -> how can we ensure that all people moving to London and other parts of the UK can converse properly in English, mix with other groups and have all the advantages to being a UK subject
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16
Q

recreation and entertainment in London

A
  • a huge number of cultural attractions such as the British museum, the National Gallery and the Natural History Museum
  • the usual mix of bars, restaurants and street entertainment means London has a large selection of recreation and entertainment
  • London has a high number of concert and cinema venues and lots of sporting events
  • it has the west end where a huge number of shows can be seen and tourist attractions such as Buckingham Palace and Houses of Parliament
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17
Q

employment opportunities in London

A
  • productivity in London is 40% higher than UK average
  • London accounts for 27.4% of the gross value added of the UK in 2018 at £425 billion
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18
Q

what is an integrated transport system

A

all the different forms of transport can link to one another

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19
Q

to what extent does London have an integrated transport system

A

London has an extensive and developed transport network which includes both private and public services. It has a very developed integrated transport system as all the different forms of transport can link to each other

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20
Q

how does London provide for urban greening

A
  • offering a huge range of green spaces open to the public
  • making major new building projects take into consideration urban green spaces, including the Olympic village
  • using canals, rivers and river jetties as significant water bird breeding roosts
  • creating rooftop green spaces - around 700 green roofs in London alone
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21
Q

what is social deprivation

A

the degree to which a person or community lacks the things essential for a decent life, including money, housing and services

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22
Q

environmental challenges of urban change

A

impact of urban sprawl on the rural-urban fringe
-> edges of cities are known as the rural-urban fringe
-> the growth outwards of our cities is known as urban sprawl and can have many impacts on these areas
-> effects include:

EXTRA COST TO THE TAX PAYER
- the public help to pay for infrastructure such as roads and water works to allow building developments to go ahead

INCREASED TRAFFIC
- extra people in these areas means that cars are used more often, which means there is more traffic on roads, and there is also more air pollution and accidents

HEALTH ISSUES
- people in these areas often have to commute to work which means they often travel by car. this can have a negative impact on peoples health such as high blood pressure

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
- sprawling cities consume land, and this displaces animals from their habitats

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23
Q

what is a greenfield site

A

a term used to describe any area of land that has not been developed previously

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24
Q

what is a brownfield site

A

an old industrial or inter city site that is cleared for new building development

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25
Q

social and economic challenges of urban change

A

EDUCATION
- generally the schools in poorer areas score the lowest GCSE grades

LIFE EXPECTANCY
- the more deprived someone is, the lower their life expectancy

UNEMPLOYMENT
- unemployment around London is not evenly distributed
- many things are extremely expensive, including rent

HEALTH
- people in wealthy areas tend to live longer
- 2011 census showed that the % of people reporting themselves as ‘not in good health’ was highest in areas of low income

26
Q

what was the unemployment rate in London in oct - dec 2011

A

67.5%

27
Q

urban sprawl definition

A

the growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside

28
Q

commuter settlements definition

A

places where people live and travel elsewhere for work

29
Q

green belt definition

A

refers to open space of land around cities on which there are strict planning controls to prevent urban development in the countryside, and further building development is not allowed

30
Q

advantages of brownfield sites

A
  • sites are available since industry declined
  • reduces the need for urban sprawl
  • public transport is better in urban areas, so less need for cars
  • new development can improve the urban environment
31
Q

disadvantages of brownfield sites

A
  • old buildings may need to be demolished first
  • ground may need to be decontaminated
  • land is more expensive in urban areas
32
Q

greenfield site advantages

A
  • land is cheaper in rural areas
  • no demolition or decontamination needed
33
Q

greenfield site disadvantages

A
  • public transport is worse in rural areas, so more need for cars
  • increases urban sprawl
  • once land is built on, it is unlikely to be turned back into countryside
  • valuable farmland or land for recreation may be lost
  • natural habitats may be destroyed
34
Q

example of urban regeneration project

A

Queen Elizabeth Park (Olympic Park) Stratford

35
Q

average annual salary in Newham

A

£20,000

36
Q

social change in Newham:

A
  • not much money
  • lots of people on benefits
  • unclean environments
  • lack of basic skills
  • need larger accommodation
37
Q

Olympic Park:
process - what happened?

A
  • since the announcement of the games, land prices increased because the area is now popular and attractive
  • new construction college provides training for young builders
  • to build the Olympic Village for athletes, housing estates had to be demolished
    -> the residents were forced to leave which was unpopular because affordable housing was hard to find in East London
  • nicer environment for locals to live in, including sports facilities
    -> all electric cables were moved underground
    -> old factory lands as re-landscaped
  • Olympic committee tried to reduce their carbon footprint by using existing venues and reusing materials
38
Q

Olympic Park:
why was lower lee valley in need for regeneration

A
  • plenty of unused, overgrown land on previous industrial estates -> land was badly contaminated with chemicals
  • was a community with 500 homes in one part of the site
39
Q

positives of the games

A
  • helped schools in the area
  • brought more than £9 billion of investment into the area
  • will generate £10 billion in extra income for the area
  • many of the grounds are used for open space
40
Q

negatives of the games

A
  • produced 3.3 million tonnes of CO2
  • the total bill was £8.77 billion our of tax payers money
  • many of the boroughs surrounding are still in poverty
  • 450 flats were torn down
41
Q

what is a sustainable city

A

one that can meet its needs without making it more difficult for future generations to meet their needs

42
Q

features of sustainable urban living include:

A
  • energy conservation
  • water conservation
  • waste recycling
  • creating green space
  • how urban transport strategies are used to reduce traffic congestion
43
Q

what is an ecological footprint

A

the area of land or seas that is needed to produce all the inputs a city uses and to dispose of its outputs

44
Q

water conservation schemes:

A

only as much water should be taken from the environment as can be naturally replaced. water conservation schemes reduce the amount of water used. for example:
- collecting rainwater for use on gardens or flushing toilets
- installing toilets that use less water to flush
- installing water metres so that people have to pay for the water they use
- encouraging people to use less water

45
Q

energy conservation schemes

A

burning fossil fuels to generate power isn’t sustainable because they will run out and they also increase the rate of climate change. energy conservation schemes reduce the use of fossil fuels:
- promoting renewable energy sources
- government incentives to make homes more energy efficient .eg. allowing homeowners who generate electricity from renewable sources (like solar panels) to sell and excess energy to the national grid
- making sure that new homes that are built meet minimum energy efficiency requirements
- encouraging people to use less energy at home

46
Q

creating green spaces

A

cities can be noisy, dirty, busy and hot - they are unsustainable because people find them unpleasant and stressful. creating green spaces within urban areas helps to make sure they remain places where people want to live and work. this is because green spaces:
- provide naturally cooler areas where people can relax in hot weathers
- encourage people to exercise more and use alternative transport (like bikes) -> makes people healthier and less stressed
- make people feel happier by providing a break from the nouse and bustle of the city
green spaces also have environment benefits:
- reduce the risk of flooding by reducing surface runoff from rainfall
- reduce air pollution by creating pockets of clean air

47
Q

wate recycling

A

more recycling means fewer resources are used, less waste is produced, which reduces the amount that goes to landfill. waste recycling schemes include:
- collection of household recycling boxes
- recycling facilities for larger items (like fridges)
- websites where items are offered for free so they can be used by others instead of being thrown away

48
Q

transport in the east village

A
  • local bus services and trains connect to the london underground
  • Stratford International station provides a fast route to central london and europe
49
Q

green, open spaces in the east village

A
  • ten hectares of parkland, with hundreds of planted trees and ponds
  • encourage wildlife
  • helps purify the air
50
Q

modern, high-density apartments in the east village

A
  • built to high standards of insulation and energy efficiency
  • less heat is lost from apartments than from low-rise, individual house
51
Q

green roofs in the east village

A
  • on residential blocks
  • encourage more wildlife
  • slow down the rate at which water drains off
52
Q

affordable housing in the east village

A

half of the homes are rented at lower rates so ordinary people in east london can afford them

53
Q

car parking in the east village

A
  • space is provided within each residential block, but residents pay extra
  • there are good cycling and walking routes to encourage people out of cars
54
Q

shops and services in the east village

A
  • run by small, independent businesses
  • helping to keep money in the local economy and avoid the need to shop elsewhere
55
Q

public services in the east village

A
  • a school for 3 to 18 year olds and a large health care centre are essential services provided
56
Q

what has been done to make the east village more efficient int erms of energy and water use

A
  • rainwater is filtered and cleaned naturally in ponds before being recycled for toilet flushing and irrigating plants
    -> drinking water is part of a separate system
  • energy usage is achieved by using a combined heat and power (CHP) system
    -> a CHP system is more efficient because it generates electricity and produces heat from the same source of energy
57
Q

what is being done in terms of waste recycling in the east village

A
  • they used 25% recycled products during building
  • encouraged to reduce and reuse their recycled waste
  • there’s a pickup day + bins
58
Q

environmental problems of traffic congestion in urban areas

A

lots of traffic increases air pollution and the release of greenhouse gases contributes to climate change

59
Q

economic problems of traffic congestion in urban areas

A

congestion can make people late for work or meetings and delay deliveries by lorry, which causes companies to lose money

60
Q

social problems of traffic congestion in urban areas

A
  • there is a higher chance of accidents
  • congestion causes frustration for drivers, health issues for pedestrians or cyclists and can delay emergency vehicles
61
Q

strategies in London to reduce traffic congestion

A

DOCKLANDS LIGHT RAILWAY
- automatic train system that connects east london o central london
- used by 110 million passengers per year

LONDON UNDERGROUND
- takes 3 million passengers off the road everyday

SELF SERVE BICYCLES
- available to hire
- cheaper than other forms of public transport

OYSTER CARDS
- allow people to travel on buses, trains, the underground and some boats without buying separate tickets
- quick and easy to use

62
Q

how to manage traffic flow

A
  • RING ROADS and PEDESTRIAN CHOPPING STREETS keep traffic away from city centre, making it safer and less polluted
  • BUS PRIORITY LANES prevent them being held up in traffic and make them more attractive than driving
  • PARKING RESTRICTIONS to make sure cars don’t block the flow of traffic on narrow roads
  • CONGESTION CHARGING discourages drivers from entering city centre at peak times
  • CAR SHARING schemes connect people from similar areas to that fewer cars are needed. CARPOOL LANES encourage more people to share lifts as only cars with more than two passengers can go in these lanes, making it quicker

geography (22 decks)

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