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glacial landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

lowland definition

A

areas close to or below 200m above sea level (e.g. Fens in East Anglia)

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2
Q

upland definition

A

areas normally made up of mountains or high hills. Normally they are areas of over 600m above sea level (e.g. Cumbria mountains in Lake district)

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3
Q

why do glacial landscapes exist in the UK?

A
  • the earth has gone through a series of warm and cold periods within its history
  • 20,000 years ago the UK will have been covered in ice as part of a larger Arctic ice sheet
  • ice will have been up to 3km thick and large glaciers will have flowed downhill due to gravity
  • as the ice shifted and advanced over the UK it would have transformed river valleys and rounded hills underneath through various erosion, transport and deposition processes
  • times when temperatures drop significantly and ice advances are known as GLACIAL PERIODS
  • times when temperatures are warmer for extended periods of time are known as INTERGLACIALS
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4
Q

what is a glacier

A

a large body of ice that can form landscapes using erosion, transportation and deposition
- can be water at bottom
- moving due to gravity

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5
Q

how do glaciers form

A

1) glaciers form when snow remains in the same area year round, slowly transforming into ice
2) each year new layers of snow bury and compress the previous layers
3) this compression forces the snow to recrystallise, forming grains similar in size to grains of sugar
4) gradually, the grains grow larger and the air pockets between the grains get smaller, causing the snow to slowly compact and increase in density
5) after about 2 winters, the snow turns into firn/neve - a middle state between snow and glacier ice
6) for most glaciers, this process takes more than a hundred years

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6
Q

what is weathering

A

the breakdown of rocks in-situ (one place) by the action of rainwater, extremes of temperature and biological activity

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7
Q

process of freeze-thaw weathering

A

1) water gets into the cracks of rocks and freezes
2) the ice forces the rock apart from inside it (it expands by about 10%)
3) the rocks have been forced apart and the ice has melted - left with a scree

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8
Q

process of freeze-thaw weathering

A

1) water gets into the cracks of rocks and freezes
2) the ice forces the rock apart from inside it (it expands by about 10%)
3) the rocks have been forced apart and the ice has melted - left with a scree

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9
Q

what is glacial erosion

A

the wearing away and reforming of the land by flowing water, ice or wind

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10
Q

what are the two main types of erosion

A

plucking and abrasion

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11
Q

what is plucking

A

where a glacier moves over an area of rock

due to friction the glacier melts and water seeps into cracks around the rocks below
the water refreezes and the rock effectively becomes part of the glacier and is ripped out the ground when the glacier continues to move forwards

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12
Q

what is abrasion

A

where rocks at the bottom of the glacier act like sandpaper - grinding over the bedrock
this can polish the rocks or create sharps grooves called STRIATIONS

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13
Q

what is subglacial material

A

some material is plucked or abrased from the bedrock beneath the glacier so is carried under the ice

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14
Q

what is englacial material

A

some material falls into crevasses (cracks in the ice) and is transported inside the ice

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15
Q

what is supraglacial material

A

some material falls onto the ice from the surrounding mountain sides so is carried on top

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16
Q

what is glacial till

A

sediment transported by ice

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17
Q

what can glacial till be deposited to form

A

moraine

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18
Q

what does till tend to be made of

A

angular rocks and boulders

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19
Q

how can sediment be carried

A

by meltwater - this is called outwash

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20
Q

why does outwash material tend to be more rounded

A

due to attrition by river erosion

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21
Q

what is bulldozing

A

when a glacier moves forward it can act like a giant earthmover, bulldozing piles of rock debris in front of it to create a high ridge called a moraine

the furthest advance of a glacier is marked by a TERMINAL MORAINE

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22
Q

how do glaciers move

A

1) glacial ice forms from snow that has been compressed into granules of ice. This initially takes place in shady north-facing hollows in upland areas (where the winter snow can survive without melting during the summer months)
2) as the weight of the snow accumulates, gravity causes it to flow over the lip and down the mountainside
3)the surface of the glacier cracks as the glacier moves over the uneven valley floor. deep crevasses form
4) the glacial ice slides over the underlying rock on a film of meltwater in a process called BASAL FLOW. the ice can also move when very cold temperatures prevent basal flow. instead the ice moves as if it were plastic, oozing along, speeding up and slowing down in response to changes in the gradient of the slope - this is called INTERNAL DEFORMATION
5) as the glacier moves downhill, the valley floor and sides are eroded by plucking and abrasion. as a result, a large amount of eroded rock fragments are left carpeting the valley floor - this is called GROUND MORAINE
6) in lowland areas, the climate is warmer. as the ice flows into this zone it starts to melt. rock debris is deposited to form moraine
7) the end point of the glacier is called the snout. large amounts of meltwater pour off the the snout of the glacier and can carry debris far beyond here

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23
Q

glacial deposition:

A
  • when ice is losing energy it starts to drop materials
  • unsorted mixture of material deposited is called TILL
  • drop any size anywhere
  • lodgement till is spread onto the valley floor beneath the ice by moving glaciers
  • ablation till is dropped as glacier melts (near snout)
  • till points in direction that glacier is flowing
  • deposited as landforms called moraines
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24
Q

what is a landform

A

a natural feature on earths surface, caused by geographical processes

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25
Q

what is a corrie

A

bowl shaped hollows with a steep back wall and ridges, forming an armchair shape around a hollow sometimes containing a small round lake called a tarn

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26
Q

how are corries formed

A

1) snow accumulates in depressions high up, predominantly on north facing slopes
2) over time the snow becomes glacial ice and there is more ice than the depression can hold so some of it flows to other levels
3) ice becomes frozen to the back of the hollow and plucking occurs. this makes the back wall steeper
4) freeze thaw weathering occurs at the top of the slope producing a scree
5) the hollow deepens where the ice is thickest due to abrasion
6) there is less erosion at the front where the glacier leaves the corrie hollow to flow down the valley. a rock lip forms here as a result of less powerful erosion
7) when all ice has melted a tarn (lake) forms

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27
Q

what are arêtes

A

a narrow ridge formed when two corries develop side by side or back to back

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28
Q

what are pyramidal peaks

A

when three or more corries grow in hollows on all sides of a mountain

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29
Q

arête example

A

snowdon in North Wales

30
Q

why do glaciers erode at different rates

A

a glacier eroding soft rock (such as ribbon lakes) is much faster than a glacier eroding hard rock

31
Q

glacial erosion landforms - truncated spurs, glacial troughs, ribbon lakes and hanging valleys

A
  • as corrie glaciers leave their source regions and descend down old river valleys, they can make huge changes to the landscape
  • the glacier can alter V shaped valleys into U shapes valleys by creating a steep sided wide valley in the shape of the letter U
  • as the glacier moves down the valley, plucking and abrasion occur, eroding it further
  • this deepens and widens the valley
  • at the front end of the glacier it acts like a bulldozer, shifting and removing soil, plucking rock from interlocking spurs and truncating them -> this creates truncated spurs, which are interlocking spurs without the land that interlocks
  • originally interlocking spurs are created as a river erodes the upper valley it cuts down into the rock and meanders in and out of the surrounding rock
  • during glaciation this rock is removed by descending ice sheets
  • eroded rocks can also play an important role, as this material is used as a tool to abrade the valley sides and floor further
  • differential rates of erosion can occur
  • this could be because of varying strengths of the bedrock or because there is thicker ice in one region of the glacier than the other
  • this means that some parts of the valley floor are deepened, creating ribbon lakes (long and thin lakes that collect from melt water and rain water after the glacier has melted
32
Q

glacial trough features: hanging valleys

A
  • within glaciers there are main glaciers and smaller tributary glaciers
  • the main glacier can erode its valley to a much greater extent because they are wider, deeper, and have more mass and more moraines to use as erosive tools
  • the tributary valley glaciers are smaller, have less mass and moraine, hence erode their valley less
  • this means the main valley is deeper, wider and steeper, and this becomes evident post glaciation, when the tributary glacier is left hanging high above the main valley
  • when rivers return, they often form waterfalls in these hanging valleys
33
Q

how do you spot a corrie on an OS map

A
  • corries have tightly packed contours in a U-shape around them
  • some corries have a tarn in them
34
Q

how do you spot a pyramidal peak

A

has tightly packed contours lines that curve away from a central high point

often has arêtes and corries around it

35
Q

how do you spot an arête on OS maps

A
  • look for a really thin hill with tightly packed, parallel contours on either side
  • arêtes often have corries or tarns on either side, and footpaths on them with names
36
Q

how do you spot a glacial trough on OS maps

A
  • are flat valleys with very steep sides
  • no contour lines on the bottom of the valley but they’re tightly packed on the sides
  • look for a wide, straight valley in a mountainous area with a river that looks too small to have formed the valley
  • many glacial troughs have ribbon lakes in them -> look for a flat valley with steep sides surrounding a long straight lake
37
Q

types of moraine

A
  • terminal moraine
  • lateral moraine
  • ground moraine
  • recessional moraine
  • medial moraine
  • hummocky moraine
38
Q

what is terminal moraine

A

rocks are deposited in a ridge at the maximum advance of the ice

39
Q

what is lateral moraine

A

a ridge of material that runs along the edges of a glacial trough close to the valley side

(source is freeze-thaw weathering high on the valley sides, causing shattered blocks of rock to fall on the glacier below)

40
Q

what is recessional moraine

A

often runs parallel to terminal moraines

41
Q

what is ground moraine

A

the material gets lodged and deposited underneath the glacier

42
Q

what is medial moraine

A

a thin, dark stripe running through the middle of a glacier

when glaciers meet, two lateral moraines join together to form a vary large ridge of rock debris

43
Q

what are drumlins

A

egg shaped hills caused by glacial deposition

44
Q

how are drumlins created

A

1km ice bulldozed down the valley

45
Q

how can we use drumlins to tell us about the last ice age

A

tells us about the direction the ice traveled in

46
Q

how are drumlins made

A
  • material is deposited underneath a glacier as ground moraine
  • this ground moraine is sculpted to form drumlin shapes by further ice movements
47
Q

what is an erratic

A

a large boulder that stands out in a landscape because it is composed of a rock type that is no where to be seen

48
Q

physical characteristics of the Lake District

A
  • steep - Scafell Pike is 948m
  • lakes - fresh water - ribbon lakes
49
Q

human geography characteristics of the Lake District

A
  • stone walls - built by farmers
  • boats
  • farming
  • fishing
  • walking/hiking
50
Q

economic activities in the Lake District

A
  • sailing
  • fishing
  • cruises
51
Q

what is the result of Scafell Pike being a tourist hotspot

A
  • queues to the top
    -> footpath erosion
52
Q

how many tourists a year go to the Lake district

A

20 million

53
Q

in Langdale Village how many houses are lived in full time and why

A

2/28
- the rest are rented out
- house prices increased
- Lake District became a tourist hotspot due to staycations after the pandemic
- holiday homes

54
Q

why are there conflicts between local residents and tourists in the Lake District

A

due to tourists visiting more and buying holiday homes, house prices have gone up

55
Q

tourism economic activities

A
  • farming
  • sailing
  • fishing
  • hiking
  • hotels
  • cruises
56
Q

farming economic activities

A
  • cattle
  • animal grazing
  • deer grazing
57
Q

forestry economic activities

A
  • new species of trees
  • lumberjacks
  • forestry businesses
  • commercial forestry
58
Q

quarrying economic activities

A

slate mining

59
Q

what does tourism have a main conflict with

A

farmers and local people

60
Q

what does quarrying have a main conflict with

A

wildlife conservation

61
Q

what is a ‘honeypot site’

A

a place of natural or human interest that attracts people in large numbers

62
Q

what features make Lake Windermere a honeypot site

A
  • the Lake district boat club
  • adventure playground
  • paddle boarding
  • low wood watersports centre
63
Q

pull factors of the Lake District for tourists

A
  • sailing and boat clubs
  • whitewater rafting
  • Lake District falconry
64
Q

who might sailing and boat clubs attract

A

experienced sailors or people who want to learn how to sail

65
Q

who might sailing and boat clubs attract

A

experienced sailors or people who want to learn how to sail

66
Q

who might the Lake District falconry attract

A

people who are into wildlife + want to get closer to birds

67
Q

who might whitewater rafting attract

A

people looking for a fun activity to do

68
Q

impact of tourism: traffic congestion in Lake District:

A

PROBLEMS:
- 90% of visitors come by car
- small side roads
- passing places of interest - people slow down to look, causing traffic

SOLUTION
- improve accessibility of public transport
- make the Lakes more accessible by bike
- signs ‘not suitable for caravans’

69
Q

impact of tourism: high demand for properties:

A

PROBLEMS
- huge rise in property prices
- empty villages/towns in winter

SOLUTIONS
- encourage tourists to go during the off season to use properties when they are quiet
- airbnb 6000 properties in the lake district

70
Q

impact of tourism: pressure on local (public) transport

A
  • £7 million gives by government to the National Park to improve bus network
  • bus routes from the beginning and end of popular walking routes back to car parks
  • tricky to improve bus networks as the roads are so small
71
Q

impact of tourism: footpath erosion

A
  • volunteer groups to fix footpaths
  • encourage people to not stray off footpaths
  • replanting of native plants able to withstand trampling

geography (21 decks)

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