changing economic world (overview and Nigeria) - NOT FINISHED

Question 1

gross domestic product (GDP) definition

Answer 1

the total value (amount) of goods and services produced by a country in one year (per capita = divided by its total population)

Question 2

migration definition

Answer 2

the movement of people from one permanent home to another, with the intention of staying at least a year. this move may be within a country (national) or between two countries (international)

Question 3

transnational corporation (TNC) definition

Answer 3

initial investment and jobs lead to knock on effect. this knock on effect creates more jobs and money which are then reinvested

Question 4

industrial structure definition

Answer 4

the relative proportion of the workforce employed in different sectors of the economy (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary)

Question 5

development definition

Answer 5

the progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology and human welfare

Question 6

development gap definition

Answer 6

the difference in standards of living and wellbeing between the worlds richest and poorest countries (HIC versus LIC)

Question 7

gross national income (GNI) definition

Answer 7

measurement of economic activity that is calculated by dividing the gross (total) national income by the size of the population. GNI takes into account not just the value of the goods and services, but also the income earned for investment overseas

Question 8

human development index definition

Answer 8

a method of measuring development in which GDP per capita, life expectancy are combined to five and overview using social and economic indicators

Question 9

quality of life definition

Answer 9

refers to the wide range of human needs that should be met alongside income growth

Question 10

how is GDP different from GNI

Answer 10

GDP looks at the value of a countries output from within the borders of a country, not including national interests abroad (unlike GNI)

Question 11

what groups do we classify countries into based on their level of development

Answer 11

LIC
NEE
HIC

Question 12

what are LIC’s

Answer 12

• includes 30 of the worlds poorest countries
• most people have a poor quality of life with inadequate services and few opportunities
• most of these countries are in Africa or Asia

Question 13

what are NEE’s

Answer 13

• middle income countries
• countries experiencing rapid economic growth and development based on industrial development incomes rising
• most people enjoy a reasonable standard of living

Question 14

what are HIC’s

Answer 14

• includes 80 countries where people enjoy a good standard of living based on relatively high levels of income
• most of these countries have modern industries with high proportions of people working in the service sector

Question 15

example of NEEs

Answer 15

Brazil, India, China

Question 16

examples of HICs

Answer 16

NW Europe, USA, Japan, Australia, New Zealand

Question 17

what acronyms are used for the fast developing countries and what do they stand for

Answer 17

they are known as the BRICs and MINTs

BRIC:
Brazil
Russia
India
China

MINT:
Mexico
Indonesia
Nigeria
Turkey

Question 18

what is quality of life like when low income and why

Answer 18

quality of life is low due to extreme poverty, no medical care, minimal food, no running water

this is because if crop yields are low, there is no way to make money
also, time that could be spent working/getting educated is spent getting clean water

Question 19

what is quality of life like when in lower middle income and why

Answer 19

quality of life is slightly better than in low income as more food is available, limited medical care - however its still too expensive

this changes from lower income because crop yields increase, meaning they have slightly more money
also, it doesn’t take as long to get water -> more time at work/education

Question 20

what is quality of life like when upper middle income and why

Answer 20

quality of life is considerate as you can have running water, electricity, education, vacation to beach for the day

this changes from lower middle income because there are more job opportunities due to the ability to travel to work
also, people can have multiple jobs because they freed up time by having a tap in the home

Question 21

what is quality of life like when high income and why

Answer 21

quality of life is good as you can own a car, go on vacation, afford good medical care

this changes from middle income because they have worked their way through and have access to water, transport and eduction
-> better education means better jobs

Question 22

how can we measure development

Answer 22

• literacy rates
• access to healthcare
• life expectancy
• quality of life
• HDI
• access to clean water
• GNI
• birth and death rates
• infant mortality
• people per doctor

Question 23

using GNI to measure development:

Answer 23

• total income of a country divided by number of people
• economic indicator

limitations of measure:
- only takes into account one factor - income
- is an average calculation so a few wealthy people could distort the whole figures
- data about income is sensitive so people may not always be honest about their earnings
- people working in the informal sector may not be taken into account

Question 24

using birth rates to measure development:

Answer 24

• refers to the number of live births per 1000 population
• social indicator
• generally high birth rates are associated with poor countries
  -> large families ensure a decent income for the family and provide support for ageing parents
• as a country develops, birth rates generally decrease
  -> women are likely to be educated and seek a career. therefore, they marry later and have fewer children
  -> better access to healthcare means that family size decreases as children are less likely to die in infancy

limitations of this measure:
- some countries may have low birth rates but are actually quite poor (eg. Cuba at 10 per 1000 - this is due to political decisions to invest more money into healthcare over other sectors)
- birth control policies can distort this as a measure of overall development (eg. China, 12 per 100)

Question 25

using death rates to measure development:

Answer 25

- refers to the number of deaths per 1000 population - social indicator - death rates are generally low throughout the world due to improvements in healthcare - the highest rates are in Africa and parts of the Middle East - some of the lowest death rates are in NEEs where improved quality of life means people are starting to live longer limitations of this measure: - by comparison, death rates generally decrease is a less reliable measure of development to the birth rate - birth rates can be high in some LICs due to poverty but also high in HICs where many people are dying of old age

Question 26

using infant mortality rates to measure development:

Answer 26

- refers to the number of deaths of children less than one year of age per 1000 - social indicator - figures for this vary enormously with the highest values in African countries (Angola, 96 per 1000) and lowest in HICs (Germany, 3 per 1000) - it is recognised as a good measure of development as it reflects the level of healthcare and service provision in a country limitations of this measure: - in the poorest countries, not all the deaths of children are reported, especially in remote areas, meaning the true rates may be even higher

Question 27

using life expectancy to measure development:

Answer 27

- this is the average number of years a person in a country can be expected to live - social indicator - in HICs life expectancy can be over 80 years - in NEEs, life expectancy is between 65 and 75 - in LICs, life expectancy is typically in the 50s - this is regarded as a good measure of development as it reflects healthcare and service provision limitations of this measure: - data is not always reliable, especially in LICs - it can be slightly misleading in countries with very high rates of infant mortality as people surviving infancy may live longer than expected thereafter

Question 28

using education/literacy rates to measure development:

Answer 28

- this can also be expressed as the percentage of people with basic reading and writing skills - social indicator - this varies widely -> most HICs have literacy rates of 99% -> however, in LICs, the figure can be below 50% (Afghanistan, 38%) - this is a good measure as it reflects the provision of education within a country limitations limitations of this measure: - this can be hard to measure in LICs due to lack of monitoring - war zones and squatter settlements are difficult areas to measure literacy rates

Question 29

using people with access to clean water to measure development:

Answer 29

- the percentage of people with access to safe mains water - there is much variation with sage water access across the globe - in the EU which includes many HICs, all people should have access to safe water by law - access in many LICs is poor (Angola, 34%) limitations of this measure: - data collection in LICs is not likely to be accurate and so official figures may underestimate the problem - people may technically have access but high costs may force them to use water that is not safe

Question 30

what is the combination of the different ways of measure development called

Answer 30

human development index

Question 31

using human development index to measure development:

Answer 31

- this is a composite measure using data on income, life expectancy and education to calculate an index from 0-1 - it was developed by the UN to show how far people benefit from economic growth - social and economic measure - a countries HDI is expressed as a value between 0-1 (1 being the highest and 0 being the lowest) income: uses a measure or wealth derived from the estimate per capita GNI of a country life expectancy: years expected to live from birth to death -> women tend to live the longest education: based on average number of schooling years limitations of this measure: - it is still a narrow measure and only takes into account 3 indicators. there are lots of other indicators of human development which are important but not considered - it is a general measure based on average calculations so doesn’t take into account the massive disparities (differences) that may exist within a country - although the three measures included are weighted equally in the calculations, the weighting is subject and therefore unreliable - the statistics provided by some countries may be unreliable

Question 32

how would a countries birth rates change as they become more developed

Answer 32

as a country gets more developed, birth rates would decrease as more children survive past infancy due to improved healthcare, so people don’t need to have many children to ensure one or two survive

Question 33

how would a countries death rates change as they become more developed

Answer 33

as a country develops, the death rates decrease due to improved healthcare, clean water, access to food, etc.

Question 34

how would a countries total population size change as they become more developed

Answer 34

as a country become more developed the population would increase due to a decrease in death rates and people moving to try find better jobs

Question 35

how would a countries life expectancy change as they become more developed

Answer 35

as a country become more developed, the life expectancy would increase due to improved healthcare, more access to clean water and more access to food and a balanced diet