Urban Environments Flashcards
urbanisation
the increasing proportion of people living in urban areas
trends in urbanisation between LICs and HICs
-emerging and developed countries have highest levels of urbanisation
-lowest levels of urbanisation in Africa and SE Asia
-urban population increasing proportionally faster than world’s population
when did the world’s urban population surpass 50% of th world’s population
2008
expected urban population in 2050 and 2100
66%% in 2050
75% in 2100
suburbanisation
-urban settlements grow towards the suburbs
causes of suburbanisation
-better transport links between suburbs and CBD
-CBD push factors(congestion, overcrowding, pollution)
-suburban pull factors(less pollution, greener, more space)
dormitory settlement
areas on the rural urban fringe where residents mainly sleep and then commute to the CBD for work(very quiet during the day)
counter urbanisation
-people leave the RUF and move out to rural areas.
-encourages decentralisation of activities away from the CBD
urban regeneration
-central urban areas that were decentralised and went into decline and are being redeveloped
-locals that remained there become prices out due to rising house prices there
factors affecting the rate of urbanisation
-rate of population growth
-high rates of rural-urban migration
-high rates of natural increase
-rate of economic development
-multiplier effect
rural dilution
when urban areas expand into more rural areas
millionaire city
city with more than 1 million people
megacity
city with more than 10 million people
global/world city
city with global significance e.g. culturally or financially
Example: Tokyo
factors affecing the emergence of megacities
-urban agglomerations due to people and economic activites concentrating at favourable locations
problems with rapid urbanisation
-Housing, high demand: slums form as housing becomes too expensive in urban areas
-Access to water and electricity: streams can be polluted with sewerage: some in LICs rely on fuelwood
-Congestion and Transport: overcrowded, air pollution
-Employment: many unable to find work once migrated to cities, end up in informal sectors
-high crime rates
urban challenges in developing countries
-squatter settlements
-informal economy
-urban pollution
-low quality of life
Cycle of poverty
-children into poor families
-hunger and malnutrition leads to stunted development
-becomes disadvantages in education and skills
-unable to find employment, financially unstable
-falls back into poverty and unable to escape the cycle
factors affecting urban land use patterns
-prices of land, increases towards the city centre so only some users can afford it
-historic reasons such as being next to a river
-transport routeways offers points of access so housing or industry can develop next to points of accessibility
how does land value affect urban land use patterns
-urban land markets sells to highest bidder, Retail normally makes the best use of land financially
bid rent theory
how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district increases
peak land value intersection
land value is highest in CBD and declines outwards, with SLVI around major intersections with good transport links
how does locational needs affect urban land use patterns
certain businesses may accrete together due to making best use of similar infrastructure needed
3 land use models
-Burgess concentric model
-Hoyt sector model
-Waugh’s Latin America Model