Case Studies Flashcards
how does a developed country manage its coast
UK, Holderness Coast
-beach nourishment at Mappleton to produce a sandy beach and protect the town
-sea wall and riprap at Withernsea to widen beach and reduce wave energy
-popular tourist destination, so management protects hotels and creating sandy beaches
main conflicts along the coast of a named country
UK - Holderness Coast
-groynes used at Mappleton prevents sediment from moving south, increasing erosion at Great Cowden, destroying farms and chalets
-sea defences negatively impact tourism and reduce amount of money coming into the area
Coastal management in LIC
-Sri Lanka
-Coastal Zone Management Plan: improves early warning systems for tsunamis and educated the public about what to do in a major tsunami
-implemented detached breakwaters. This has been successful in reducing erosion in coastal areas
Coastal Management in HIC
-Holderness Coast, UK
-Coast at Withernsea: new wave return wall built, and rip-raps and beach nourishment has been used as well
-Groynes repaired in Hornsea and new ones were build. Old seawall also raised slightly.
Abiotic and factors of a named coastal ecosystem
-Temperature - roughly needs to be at 25 degrees
-Sunlight - needed for photosynthesis
-Salinity - needed to prevent coral bleaching
Biotic and factors of a named coastal ecosystem
-thorns starfish that eat coral, which has increased in population due to overfishing of its predators
-unknown strains of zooxanthellae may be able cope with heat, forming a better partnership with the coral, and its growth could outpace bleaching
short and long term impacts of one earthquake
Short: damage of buildings; many schools, roads and historical sights in Syria were damaged. Runway of Hatay airport in Turkey was split and uplifted, preventing its use
Long: Children became vulnerable to exploitation and abuse after separation from family, causing trauma and mental health issues as well. Billions of damage worth that had to be spent by Turkey and Syria, preventing use of money on other issues
short and long term impacts of a volcano
Kilauea, Hawaii
Short:
-houses destroyed and roads blocked by lava
-Green Lake evaporated
Long term
-Geothermal power stations stopped operating
-lava created lots of new land; 32 square kilometres
short and long term impacts of a tropical cyclone
short:
-many properties destroyed and damaged, many power outages and broken roads
-many deaths and injuries from flooding and flying debris
Long:
-lack of clean drinking water in destroyed homes, outbreak of water-borne diseases
-farmland destroyed so many farmers lost a lot of income
preparation of earthquakes in a developing country
Nepal before 2015 EQ
-allocated 83 open spaces around Kathmandu to be used as camps for displaced population to be supplied key resources
-Nepal Red Cross society maintained 12 warehouses with stocks of emergency supplies
preparation for earthquakes in a developed country
Japan before 2011
-Earthquake drills practiced regularly so people know what to do immediately after an EQ
-designed and implements earthquake resistant buildings, over 80% of buildings in Tokyo
short term responses and relief of a developed country (earthquake)
Japan
-self defence force sent in to organise food, water, shelter and medicine
-temporary shelters set up in schools
-tsunami warning issued to give people 20min to find safety
-Japanese meteorological agency issued warnings before S waves to give people a chance to get out of buildings
short term response of a developing country
Nepal earthquake
-ten cities in Kathmandu provided shelter for people made homeless
-inflatable field hospitals set up to treat the injured
-NGOs sent air workers, food, water and medical supplies
long term planning of an earthquake in a developing country
Nepal
-national reconstruction authority created to ensure funding is distributed to help ppl rebuild homes
-increased education and practice of drills
-Asian Development Bank provided US$200m for rehabilitation
long term planning for a developed country
Japan
-built more resistant infrastructure and tightened building codes
-new tsunami walls constructed 30m high
-new 30m dollar warning system
positive impacts of economic sector shifts in a named developed country
Ethiopia
-Foreign investors are beginning to take interest in the country, and availability of cheap labour attracts TNCs setting up factories, providing more employment
-higher income, quality of life increases
negative impacts of economic sector shifts of a developing country
Ethiopia
-Displacement of farmers due to commercial agriculture, losing jobs and income
-increase in food shortages, as commercial agriculture focuses on export to make money, leading to famines
positive impacts of economic sector shifts in a developed country
UK
-more jobs in tertiary and quaternary sector = more innovation in sustainability and new technologies
-higher income of workers, multiplier effect, higher quality of life
negative impacts of economic sector shifts in a developed country
UK
-people lose jobs, higher unemployment, cannot earn an income and lower quality of life
-depopulation in some rural areas, leading to shop closures and drop in house prices
causes of informal employment in a named megacity
Dhaka
-mechanisation replacing primary sector, so there is rural to urban migration, but many are not educated and cannot get jobs in the formal sector
-excess of labour, do there is underemployment and unemployment, so people have no choice but to work in the informal economy
advantages of informal economy
Dhaka, Bangladesh
-not taxed, so more take-home profit
-provide income for uneducated people, allowing them to survive, and to educate children
disadvantages of informal economy
Dhaka
-many work in dangerous conditions, carrying excessive loads and inhaling toxic fumes
-lack of protection in event of non-payment wages, lay-offs without notice and unsafe working conditions
how is energy sustainably managed in a developed country
UK
-construction of new offshore wind farms like Dogger bank, so energy is more secure and sustainable
-rollout of smart meters, so people can see how much electricity they are using and set gaols to reduce wasted electricity
-All coal-fired power stations to be shut by 2025
how is energy sustainably managed in a developing country
China
-Passive housing with good thermal insulation to reduce less electricity, making energy use more sustainable
-business leaders and government authorities are educated on the need sustainable use of energy
-investments in transport sector, especially in green public transport
urban challenges in a named developed city
London
-food insecurity, high CO2 emissions from imports
-segregation: leads to social tensions, and riots such as 2011 Tottenham riots in London
-Waste: waste goes to landfill and CO2 emissions produced, since people do not recycle
-Waste - Oil poured down sinks in restaurant, causing Fatbergs in sewer system, which has to be unclogged
-Electricity - low energy security, energy is lost when transporting it, distribution networks need to be upgraded
solution to urban challenges in name developed city
-food insecurity: indoor, vertical farming in urban areas like basements or roofs, to reduce emissions from transportation and increase food security
-segregation: banning of prohibition of social spaces based on socioeconomic means, urban regeneration to reduce segregation (poor people left behind in these areas)
-Waste: promoting use of a circular system; where waste is recycled and reused instead of being thrown away
-Waste - Companies like ProperOils collected old oil from restaurants and hotels, and converts them to bio diesel fuel
-Electricity - Energy decentralisation; microgenerators reduce energy loss. Retrofitting to use new energy efficient technologies, wasting less energy. RE:FIT : advises and financially supports buildings to be more energy efficient
-traffic: congestion charge introduced to by local governments like London to try reduce congestion and air pollution
Urban challenges in a named developing country
Mumbai, India
Informal Economy: no jobs security, health-and-safety protection, health insurance etc. Also puts tax strain on tax payers
Squatter Settlements; lack of housing, so makeshift houses are made. There are unsafe conditions, overcrowding, disease and crime
how problems in a named LIC are solved
Mumbai, India
Vision Mumbai - demolish slums and sell land to property developers, but developers have to build better homes for slum dwellers. Land is sold to developers for cheaper.
SPARC - working to build houses across India for many families, which is more affordable. Also does sanitation projects, to benefit the poor
Bhutan Ecotourism features
-tourists are escorted in groups to specific locations and must travel on officially approved tour operators
-visitors must pay a sustainable development fee of $200 per day
-this offsets tourists carbon footprint and helps to protect their environment, upgrade infrastructure and maintain their culture
Sustainable tourism in Cyprus
-Cyprus is hot and has more demand for water than supply it has, relying on desalination plants which is energy-consuming
-they are encouraging hotels to limit the use of exotic vegetation which require lots of watering
-use native pants to adapt to less rainfall
-gardens and landscaping is 22% of the hotels water consumption x
-reduce number of swimming pools
UK sustainable migration
-UK has a points based system for migration into the UK, these points ensure they will be beneficial for the economy and society, and also ensures they can function by requirements like speaking English
-example of something that gets points in a aging a job in a shortage occupation
Explain two ways a developing country manages migration
-categorises migrant workers into different permit types based on their skill levels, allowing the government to control the number of foreign workers and meet the labor market needs
-employers must pay a levy tax for hiring foreign workers, making it more costly to rely on migrant labour. They set quotas on how many foreign workers can be hired in different industries so citizens always have jobs while allowing certain sectors to function
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