Case Studies

Question 1

how does a developed country manage its coast

Answer 1

UK
-Royal Society for the Protection of Birds started a programme of managed retreat, the flooded land gradually reverted to a salt marsh from the sea covered fields before

Question 2

main conflicts along the coast of a named country

Answer 2

UK - Lyme Bay
Tourists want to use the waters for wildlife watching, and need a healthy, attractive environment. Scallop dredgers drag heavy fishing gear across the seabed, smothering sensitive species, which the tourists cannot see. Wildlife lovers also cannot see some sensitive species due to scallop dredgers. Potters and Scallop dredgers have conflicts because pots can get tangled in the lines of a scallop dredger.

Question 3

Coastal management in LIC

Answer 3

-Sri Lanka
-Coastal Zone Management Plan: improves early warning systems for tsunamis and educated the public about what to do in a major tsunami
-implemented detached breakwaters. This has been successful in reducing erosion in coastal areas

Question 4

Coastal Management in HIC

Answer 4

-Holderness Coast, UK
-Coast at Withernsea: new wave return wall built, and rip-raps and beach nourishment has been used as well
-Groynes repaired in Hornsea and new ones were build. Old seawall also raised slightly.

Question 5

Abiotic and factors of a named coastal ecosystem

Answer 5

-Temperature - roughly needs to be at 25 degrees
-Sunlight - needed for photosynthesis
-Salinity - needed to prevent coral bleaching

Question 6

Biotic and factors of a named coastal ecosystem

Answer 6

-thorns starfish that eat coral, which has increased in population due to overfishing of its predators
-unknown strains of zooxanthellae may be able cope with heat, forming a better partnership with the coral, and its growth could outpace bleaching

Question 7

short and long term impacts of one earthquake

Answer 7

Short: damage of buildings; many schools, roads and historical sights in Syria were damaged. Runway of Hatay airport in Turkey was split and uplifted, preventing its use

Long: Children became vulnerable to exploitation and abuse after separation from family, causing trauma and mental health issues as well. Billions of damage worth that had to be spent by Turkey and Syria, preventing use of money on other issues

Question 8

short and long term impacts of a volcano

Answer 8

Kilauea, Hawaii

Short:
-houses destroyed and roads blocked by lava
-Green Lake evaporated

Long term
-Geothermal power stations stopped operating
-lava created lots of new land; 32 square kilometres

Question 9

short and long term impacts of a tropical cyclone

Answer 9

short:
-many properties destroyed and damaged, many power outages and broken roads
-many deaths and injuries from flooding and flying debris

Long:
-lack of clean drinking water in destroyed homes, outbreak of water-borne diseases
-farmland destroyed so many farmers lost a lot of income

Question 10

preparation of earthquakes in a developing country

Answer 10

-Turkey-Syria Earthquake

-Turkey built new buildings following codes after the 1999 Izmit earthquake
-Has an ‘Earthquake Tax’ to prevent earthquake-related damage

Question 11

preparation for earthquakes in a developed country

Answer 11

Central Italy Earthquakes

-quake-proof building regulations are implemented
-money set aside for ‘safe schools’ to be built after the collapse of a school in Amatrice

Question 12

short term responses and relief of a developed country (earthquake)

Answer 12

Central Italy

-emergency services rescued people from rubble of collapsed buildings
-homeless people were accommodated in tent camps

Question 13

short term response of a developing country

Answer 13

Turkey-Syria earthquake

-search and rescue teams went through rubble with help of machinery and dogs
-Turkish Airlines provided free flights to volunteers who helped and evacuated 100k+ people

Question 14

positive impacts of economic sector shifts in a named developed country

Answer 14

Ethiopia

-Foreign investors are beginning to take interest in the country, and availability of cheap labour attracts TNCs setting up factories, providing more employment

-higher income, quality of life increases

Question 15

negative impacts of economic sector shifts of a developing country

Answer 15

Ethiopia

-Displacement of farmers due to commercial agriculture, losing jobs and income

-increase in food shortages, as commercial agriculture focuses on export to make money, leading to famines

Question 16

positive impacts of economic sector shifts in a developed country

Answer 16

UK

-more jobs in tertiary and quaternary sector = more innovation in sustainability and new technologies

-higher income of workers, multiplier effect, higher quality of life

Question 17

negative impacts of economic sector shifts in a developed country

Answer 17

UK

-people lose jobs, higher unemployment, cannot earn an income and lower quality of life

-depopulation in some rural areas, leading to shop closures and drop in house prices

Question 18

causes of informal employment in a named megacity

Answer 18

Dhaka

-mechanisation replacing primary sector, so there is rural to urban migration, but many are not educated and cannot get jobs in the formal sector

-excess of labour, do there is underemployment and unemployment, so people have no choice but to work in the informal economy

Question 19

advantages of informal economy

Answer 19

Dhaka, Bangladesh

-not taxed, so more take-home profit

-provide income for uneducated people, allowing them to survive, and to educate children

Question 20

disadvantages of informal economy

Answer 20

Dhaka

-many work in dangerous conditions, carrying excessive loads and inhaling toxic fumes

-lack of protection in event of non-payment wages, lay-offs without notice and unsafe working conditions

Question 21

how is energy sustainably managed in a developed country

Answer 21

UK

-construction of new offshore wind farms like Dogger bank, so energy is more secure and sustainable

-rollout of smart meters, so people can see how much electricity they are using and set gaols to reduce wasted electricity

-All coal-fired power stations to be shut by 2025

Question 22

how is energy sustainably managed in a developing country

Answer 22

China

-Passive housing with good thermal insulation to reduce less electricity, making energy use more sustainable

-business leaders and government authorities are educated on the need sustainable use of energy

-investments in transport sector, especially in green public transport

Question 23

urban challenges in a named developed city

Answer 23

London

-food insecurity, high CO2 emissions from imports

-segregation: leads to social tensions, and riots such as 2011 Tottenham riots in London

-Waste: waste goes to landfill and CO2 emissions produced, since people do not recycle

-Waste - Oil poured down sinks in restaurant, causing Fatbergs in sewer system, which has to be unclogged

-Electricity - low energy security, energy is lost when transporting it, distribution networks need to be upgraded

Question 24

solution to urban challenges in name developed city

Answer 24

-food insecurity: indoor, vertical farming in urban areas like basements or roofs, to reduce emissions from transportation and increase food security

-segregation: banning of prohibition of social spaces based on socioeconomic means, urban regeneration to reduce segregation (poor people left behind in these areas)

-Waste: promoting use of a circular system; where waste is recycled and reused instead of being thrown away

-Waste - Companies like ProperOils collected old oil from restaurants and hotels, and converts them to bio diesel fuel

-Electricity - Energy decentralisation; microgenerators reduce energy loss. Retrofitting to use new energy efficient technologies, wasting less energy. RE:FIT : advises and financially supports buildings to be more energy efficient

Question 25

Urban challenges in a named developing country

Answer 25

Mumbai, India

Informal Economy: no jobs security, health-and-safety protection, health insurance etc. Also puts tax strain on tax payers

Squatter Settlements; lack of housing, so makeshift houses are made. There are unsafe conditions, overcrowding, disease and crime

Question 26

how problems in a named LIC are solved

Answer 26

Mumbai, India

Vision Mumbai - demolish slums and sell land to property developers, but developers have to build better homes for slum dwellers. Land is sold to developers for cheaper.

SPARC - working to build houses across India for many families, which is more affordable. Also does sanitation projects, to benefit the poor