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Module 15 > Upper Respiratory Tract: Small Animals Discharge > Flashcards

Upper Respiratory Tract: Small Animals Discharge Flashcards

1
Q

what is acute nasal discharge

A

< 3 weeks

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2
Q

what is chronic nasal discharge

A

>3 weeks

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3
Q

what is epistaxis

A

bleeding from the nose

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4
Q

what is rhinoscopy

A

video-endoscopy of nasal cavity

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5
Q

what considerations should be taken with history (7)

A
  1. duration and progression of signs
  2. unilateral or bilateral
  3. nature of discharge
  4. sneezing or coughing
  5. head shyness or reluctance to eat
  6. history of dental disease, trauma
  7. infectious etiology
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6
Q

what does the nature of the discharge tell you

A

blood, pus or serous

blood indicates aggressive disease and very significant finding

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7
Q

what does sneezing indicate

A

irritation

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8
Q

what does head shyness indicate

A

evidence of facial pain

indicates destructive painful processes such as neoplasia or fungal disease

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9
Q

what should you assess on clinical exam (6)

A
  1. facial asymmetry or focal swelling
  2. facial pain
  3. nasal airflow
  4. character or depigmentation of the rhinarium
  5. intraoral exam: dental disease, holes, masses
  6. ocular ulceration, oral ulceration (cat flu)
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10
Q

what radiographic view is used to assess the nasal sinus

A

dorsal ventral intral oral view

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11
Q

what do you assess on radiograph in the sinuses (4)

A
  1. symmetry
  2. turbinates
  3. air
  4. vomer bone
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12
Q

what does a rhinoscopy evaluate

A
  1. nasal meatuses
  2. nasopharynx
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13
Q

what can acute nasal discharge be due to

A

acute rhinitis

often self limiting and low grade

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14
Q

what are the signs of rhinitis (3)

A
  1. bilateral nasal discharge
  2. serous
  3. sneezing
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15
Q

what are the triggering factors of acute rhinitis

A
  1. inhaled allergens
  2. foreign body
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16
Q

how is acute rhinitis treated

A
  1. antihistamines
  2. steroids
  3. mucolytics (bromohexine)

treat symptomatically

don’t use antibiotics in dogs

antibiotics in cat flu: secondary bacterial infection

17
Q

what are the causes of chronic rhinitis in dogs (4)

A
  1. fungal disease
  2. neoplasia (including nasal polyp)
  3. chronic trigger fractors: chronic foreign body
  4. lymphocytic/plasmacytic rhinitis
18
Q

what fungal diseases cause chronic rhinitis in dogs

A

sino-nasal aspergillosis

19
Q

what are the causes of chronic rhinitis in cats (3)

A
  1. neoplasia (including polyps)
  2. chronic trigger factors (foreign body)
  3. lymphocytic/plasmacytic rhinitis
20
Q

what causes sino-nasal aspergillosis

A

aspergillosis fumigatus

common airway commensal fungus

21
Q

what does sino-nasal aspergillosis cause

A

bone destruction

turbinate destruction

severe cases maxilla, orbit, cribriform plate

22
Q

what are the signs of sino-nasal aspergillosis (8)

A

chronic, progressive signs

  1. unilateral or bilateral discharge
  2. epistaxis
  3. sneezing
  4. head shyness
  5. +/- rhinarial depigmentation
  6. +/- reduce nasal airflow (fungal granulomas blocking cavity)
  7. +/- sinus tracts
  8. +/- periocular swelling
23
Q

how is sino-nasal aspergillosis diagnosed (6)

A
  1. imaging
  2. rhinoscopy
  3. biopsy plaques
  4. fungal culture
  5. biopsy turbinates
  6. nasal flush looking for large numbers of fungal elements
24
Q

what can be seen on radiography in sino nasal aspergillosis

A

destruction of turbinates

25
Q

why is culture of sino nasal aspergillosis of no use

A

aspergillosis is a normal commensal organisms

26
Q

how is diagnosis of sino nasal aspergillosis reached

A

characteristic destructive rhinitis with severe signs and demonstration of fungal plaques or elementrs on histopathology

27
Q

what are the treatment options for sino nasal aspergillosis (2)

A
  1. anti-fungal agents: enilconazole; clotrimazole
    topically: nasal instillation + trephination of frontal sinuses
    systemically: systemic side effects
  2. supportive therapy: feeding tube, analgesia
28
Q

why is the prognosis guarded with sino nasal aspergillosis

A

recurrence common

expensive

severe clinical signs

protracted treatment required

29
Q

what are the nasal neoplasia

A
  1. lymphoma
  2. adenocarcinoma
  3. nasal polyp (common in cats, rare in dogs)
30
Q

what are the clinical signs that are highly suggestive of nasal neoplasia

A
  1. obstruction of airflow
  2. facial pain
  3. facial deformatiy
  4. +/- sinus tracts
31
Q

what are the non-specific signs of nasal neoplasia (5)

A
  1. discharge: purulent or hemorrhagic, unilateral or bilateral
  2. +/- sneezing
  3. +/- coughing
  4. lymph node enlargement
  5. cachexia
32
Q

what are the signs of nasal foreign body

A
  1. unilateral discharge
  2. sneezing
  3. +/- epistaxis
  4. +/- facial pain
33
Q

what are the chronic signs of nasal foreign body

A

mucopurulent nasal discharge

34
Q

what are treatments of nasal foreign body

A
  1. retrieval from nasopharynx
  2. rhinoscopic retrieval
  3. flushing nasal cavity
  4. surgery
35
Q

how is lymphocytic plasmacytic rhinitis diagnosed (4)

A

chronic nasal discharge

diagnosis by exclusion

  1. non-hemorrhagic, bilateral nasal discharge
  2. no rhinarial ulceration
  3. no facial deformity
  4. no facial pain
36
Q

how is lymphocytic/plasmacytic rhinitis treated

A

antimicrobial therapy

corticosteroids

37
Q

what is the prognosis of lymphocytic/plasmacytic rhinitis

A

prognosis for resolution of signs poor

prognosis for survival is good

38
Q

what are oronasal fistulas caused by

A
  1. dental disease
  2. oral neoplasia
  3. cleft palate

Module 15 (27 decks)

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