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Module 15 > Sporadic Sick Cow: Cardiac Diseases > Flashcards

Sporadic Sick Cow: Cardiac Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what does a clinical exam entail (7)

A
  1. thoracic: pain-whither test/abducted elbows/stance
  2. edema: submandibular, presternal, ventral
  3. mucous membrane colour: pale/cyanosis
  4. jugular distension, pulsation or positive refill test
  5. exercise intolerance
  6. increased HR, arrhythmias
  7. non-specific signs too: pyrexia, other disease processes
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2
Q

what is right side backward failure

A

backs up into circulation

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3
Q

what is right side forward failure

A

limitation on blood being pumped to the lungs similar signs to L side forward failure

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4
Q

what is left sided backward failure

A

backs up into lungs which will tend to produce respiratory failure

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5
Q

what is left sided forward failure

A

low BP

fainting

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6
Q

what are the signs with right congestive/backward heart failure (4)

A
  1. jugular signs
  2. systemic edema
  3. nutmeg liver
  4. pale tense kidneys
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7
Q

what are the signs of left sided congestive/backward heart failure

A

pulmonary edema (rare)

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8
Q

what are the normal heart sounds in clinical exam

A
  1. murmurs: especially when unwell (more common with heart rate)
  2. gallop/split sound: 3rd and 4th sound

when unwell can heart a grade II aortic murmur –> no clinical significance

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9
Q

what are abnormal heart sounds on clinical exam (5)

A
  1. murmur
  2. splash/tinkle (muffled and then splash sound)
  3. no heart sound (!!!)
  4. sinus arrhythmia (BSE)
  5. palpable thrill
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10
Q

what causes netmeg liver

A

chronic venous congestion

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11
Q

what pathology is shown

A

pale tense kidney

rounded borders

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12
Q

what are the causes of traumatic pericarditis

A

traumatic penetration of wire from the reticulum

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13
Q

what is the history traumatic pericarditis

A

recent calving

tires in silage pit

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14
Q

what are the clinical signs of traumatic pericarditis (6)

A
  1. muffled heart
  2. splashing
  3. pyrexia: infected process
  4. CV signs
  5. withers positive/thoracic pain
  6. non-specific signs: abducted elbows, rumninal contractions will have pause, local peritonitis, gas produced swishing sound of heart
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15
Q

how is traumatic pericarditis diagnosed (5)

A
  1. CS
  2. +/- ultrasound (fluid in pericardial sac)
  3. neutrophilia + increased globulins
  4. reduction in PCV
  5. leakage of liver enzymes (nutmeg liver)
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16
Q

how is traumatic pericarditis treated

A
  1. rarely successful
  2. broad spectrum antibiotics –> rumenotomy (guddle for the wire)
  3. magnet
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17
Q

how is traumatic pericarditis prevented

A

prophylactic magnets

metal detector on forage harvester

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18
Q

what is shown here

A

traumatic pericarditis

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19
Q

what causes endocarditis

A

bacteria from bacteremia or septicemia settle on valve leaflets causing granulomatous infection

tricuspid valve most common but can be mitral

may have history of past infection (metritis, sore foot, myasis in sheep)

secondary septic infarcts –> pulmonary or systemic

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20
Q

what are the clinical signs of endocarditis (5)

A
  1. murmur (variable)
  2. pyrexia (initally/intermittent)
  3. cardiovascular signs (right side congestive)
  4. abduction of elbows (thoracic pain)
  5. +/- whithers positive
21
Q

how is endocarditis diagnosed

A

clinical exam (ultrasound scan)

22
Q

how is endocarditis diagnosed with bloods

A

increased globulin

neutrophilia

23
Q

how is endocarditis treated

A

rarely successful

borad spectrum antibiotics + NSAIDs

24
Q

how is endocarditis prevented

A

prevent immunosuppression and primary illness with prompt

aggressive tx of any infections

25
Q

what pathology is this

A

endocarditis

vegetative lesion on right side of the heart

26
Q

what pathology is shown here

A

vegetations forming on the heart valves

27
Q

what is high altitude or brisket disease

A

common above 2500m

age, pregnancy

28
Q

what are the predispositions of high altitude or brisket disease (5)

A
  1. cold weather
  2. rapid weight gain
  3. intercurrent pulmonary diseases
  4. exposure to endotoxins, swainsonine, monocrotaline, ionophores
  5. beef
29
Q

what is the most common congenital heart disease

A

ventricle septal defect

30
Q

what are the clinical signs of VSD (4)

A
  1. systolic murmur (PMI right)
  2. +/- systolic
  3. +/- CV signs
  4. +/- exercise intolerance
31
Q

how is VSD diagnosed (4)

A
  1. diagonal murmur
  2. caudal LHS
  3. cranial RHS
  4. colour flow doppler: lesion is difficult to find with 2D ultrasound
32
Q

how is VSD treated

A

none

33
Q

what is the prognosis of VSD

A

can be okay

34
Q

what pathology is shown here

A

ventricular septal defect –> hole in heart

in the right ventricle: greatly enlarged and thickened ventricle depends on the size of the VSD and whether RV pressure is elevated or not

35
Q

what is ASD

A

atrial septal defect

persistent foramen ovale

36
Q

what are the signs of ASD

A

usually no signs

no murmur

left to right shunt (relative pressures)

37
Q

what is PDA

A

patent ductus arteriosus

38
Q

what causes PDA

A

ductus arteriosus bypassess lungs in fetus (RHS heart straight to aorta normal function)

closes in first few hours/days of life

continuous machinery murmur far forward RHS of chest, often also a LHS heart base murmur

39
Q

which is more common VSD or PDA

A

VSD

40
Q

how is PDA inherited

A

polygenic threshold trait

41
Q

what is tetralogy of fallot

A
  1. VSD
  2. pulmonic stenosis
  3. dextroposed aorta: overrides the VSD
  4. then secondary right ventricular hypertrophy
42
Q

what are the clinical signs of tetralogy of fallot (4)

A
  1. murmur
  2. stunting
  3. CV failure
  4. cyanosis
43
Q

how is tetralogy of fallot treated

A

none

44
Q

what is the prognosis of tetralogy of fallot

A

most die

45
Q

what are cardiomyopathies caused by (4)

A
  1. selenium/copper/cobalt deficiency
  2. DCM genetic in: Holstein, Hereford, Red Danish, Japanese Black
  3. viral disease in young lambs
  4. toxins
46
Q

what is the normal heart rhythm in bovines and ovines

A

regularly regular rhythm (at a clinical level though relaxed sheep will have a sinus arrhythmia)

47
Q

do primary arrhythmias cause disease

A

not usually

48
Q

what are causes of secondary arrhythmias (5)

A
  1. hypocalcemia
  2. hypomagnesemia
  3. endotoxin
  4. intestinal disease (acid/base imbalance)
  5. abdominal pain
49
Q

what is the most significant arrhythmia

A

atrial fibrillation

Module 15 (27 decks)

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