Sporadic Sick Cow: Cardiac Diseases Flashcards
what does a clinical exam entail (7)
- thoracic: pain-whither test/abducted elbows/stance
- edema: submandibular, presternal, ventral
- mucous membrane colour: pale/cyanosis
- jugular distension, pulsation or positive refill test
- exercise intolerance
- increased HR, arrhythmias
- non-specific signs too: pyrexia, other disease processes
what is right side backward failure
backs up into circulation
what is right side forward failure
limitation on blood being pumped to the lungs similar signs to L side forward failure
what is left sided backward failure
backs up into lungs which will tend to produce respiratory failure
what is left sided forward failure
low BP
fainting
what are the signs with right congestive/backward heart failure (4)
- jugular signs
- systemic edema
- nutmeg liver
- pale tense kidneys
what are the signs of left sided congestive/backward heart failure
pulmonary edema (rare)
what are the normal heart sounds in clinical exam
- murmurs: especially when unwell (more common with heart rate)
- gallop/split sound: 3rd and 4th sound
when unwell can heart a grade II aortic murmur –> no clinical significance
what are abnormal heart sounds on clinical exam (5)
- murmur
- splash/tinkle (muffled and then splash sound)
- no heart sound (!!!)
- sinus arrhythmia (BSE)
- palpable thrill
what causes netmeg liver
chronic venous congestion
what pathology is shown
pale tense kidney
rounded borders
what are the causes of traumatic pericarditis
traumatic penetration of wire from the reticulum
what is the history traumatic pericarditis
recent calving
tires in silage pit
what are the clinical signs of traumatic pericarditis (6)
- muffled heart
- splashing
- pyrexia: infected process
- CV signs
- withers positive/thoracic pain
- non-specific signs: abducted elbows, rumninal contractions will have pause, local peritonitis, gas produced swishing sound of heart
how is traumatic pericarditis diagnosed (5)
- CS
- +/- ultrasound (fluid in pericardial sac)
- neutrophilia + increased globulins
- reduction in PCV
- leakage of liver enzymes (nutmeg liver)
how is traumatic pericarditis treated
- rarely successful
- broad spectrum antibiotics –> rumenotomy (guddle for the wire)
- magnet
how is traumatic pericarditis prevented
prophylactic magnets
metal detector on forage harvester
what is shown here
traumatic pericarditis
what causes endocarditis
bacteria from bacteremia or septicemia settle on valve leaflets causing granulomatous infection
tricuspid valve most common but can be mitral
may have history of past infection (metritis, sore foot, myasis in sheep)
secondary septic infarcts –> pulmonary or systemic
what are the clinical signs of endocarditis (5)
- murmur (variable)
- pyrexia (initally/intermittent)
- cardiovascular signs (right side congestive)
- abduction of elbows (thoracic pain)
- +/- whithers positive
how is endocarditis diagnosed
clinical exam (ultrasound scan)
how is endocarditis diagnosed with bloods
increased globulin
neutrophilia
how is endocarditis treated
rarely successful
borad spectrum antibiotics + NSAIDs
how is endocarditis prevented
prevent immunosuppression and primary illness with prompt
aggressive tx of any infections
what pathology is this
endocarditis
vegetative lesion on right side of the heart
what pathology is shown here
vegetations forming on the heart valves
what is high altitude or brisket disease
common above 2500m
age, pregnancy
what are the predispositions of high altitude or brisket disease (5)
- cold weather
- rapid weight gain
- intercurrent pulmonary diseases
- exposure to endotoxins, swainsonine, monocrotaline, ionophores
- beef
what is the most common congenital heart disease
ventricle septal defect
what are the clinical signs of VSD (4)
- systolic murmur (PMI right)
- +/- systolic
- +/- CV signs
- +/- exercise intolerance
how is VSD diagnosed (4)
- diagonal murmur
- caudal LHS
- cranial RHS
- colour flow doppler: lesion is difficult to find with 2D ultrasound
how is VSD treated
none
what is the prognosis of VSD
can be okay
what pathology is shown here
ventricular septal defect –> hole in heart
in the right ventricle: greatly enlarged and thickened ventricle depends on the size of the VSD and whether RV pressure is elevated or not
what is ASD
atrial septal defect
persistent foramen ovale
what are the signs of ASD
usually no signs
no murmur
left to right shunt (relative pressures)
what is PDA
patent ductus arteriosus
what causes PDA
ductus arteriosus bypassess lungs in fetus (RHS heart straight to aorta normal function)
closes in first few hours/days of life
continuous machinery murmur far forward RHS of chest, often also a LHS heart base murmur
which is more common VSD or PDA
VSD
how is PDA inherited
polygenic threshold trait
what is tetralogy of fallot
- VSD
- pulmonic stenosis
- dextroposed aorta: overrides the VSD
- then secondary right ventricular hypertrophy
what are the clinical signs of tetralogy of fallot (4)
- murmur
- stunting
- CV failure
- cyanosis
how is tetralogy of fallot treated
none
what is the prognosis of tetralogy of fallot
most die
what are cardiomyopathies caused by (4)
- selenium/copper/cobalt deficiency
- DCM genetic in: Holstein, Hereford, Red Danish, Japanese Black
- viral disease in young lambs
- toxins
what is the normal heart rhythm in bovines and ovines
regularly regular rhythm (at a clinical level though relaxed sheep will have a sinus arrhythmia)
do primary arrhythmias cause disease
not usually
what are causes of secondary arrhythmias (5)
- hypocalcemia
- hypomagnesemia
- endotoxin
- intestinal disease (acid/base imbalance)
- abdominal pain
what is the most significant arrhythmia
atrial fibrillation
