Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Module 15 > Dyspnea in Small Animals: Diagnostic Approach > Flashcards

Dyspnea in Small Animals: Diagnostic Approach Flashcards

1
Q

what are inspiratory causes of dyspnea (6)

A
  1. nasopharyngeal mass
  2. stenosis
  3. foreign bodies
  4. laryngeal paralysis
  5. neoplasia
  6. tracheal mass
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are expiratory causes of dyspnea (3)

A
  1. dynamic airway collapse
  2. feline asthma
  3. pulmonary parenchymal disease (IPF; pneumonia; edema)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how is dyspnea investigated (10)

A
  1. history
  2. clincal features (signlament)
  3. physical exam (with supp oxygen)
  4. thoracic radiography (stable)
  5. thoracic and cardiac ultrasonography
  6. thoracocentesis
  7. blood/fecal tests
  8. rhinoscopy, laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy
  9. FNA of lungs
  10. CT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are important considerations with history of dyspneic patients (10)

A
  1. acute vs chronic
  2. concurrent signs (cough)
  3. character: inspiratory/expiratory/mixed
  4. duration/frequency/timing
  5. relationship to activities (dust, exercise)
  6. vaccination/travel/worming
  7. respiratory noises; steror/stridor
  8. exercise tolerance/lethargy
  9. appetite
  10. response to prev treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what breeds of dogs are prone to tracheal collapse

A

toy breeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what breeds of dogs are prone to lung fibrosis

A

terriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are cats prone to

A

asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what breeds of dogs are prone to laryngeal paralysis

A

large dogs

retrievers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are older dogs prone to that can cause dyspnea

A

neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are small breed dogs prone to

A

DMVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what should be considered during clinical exam of dyspneic dogs (3)

A
  1. avoid excessive stress or struggling
  2. avoid dorsal recumbency for radiographs (esp if pleural disease suspected)
  3. give animal additional oxygen immediately
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe how you would clinically examinate a dyspneic dog (9)

A
  1. mucous membrane colour (pallour, cyanotic)
  2. respiratory rate
  3. resp pattern
  4. resp noises
  5. lymph nodes
  6. palpate cervical area
  7. pulse quality
  8. auscultation of heart and lungs and trachea
  9. percussion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is dyspnea

A

sensation of difficult or laboured breathing

distress during severe resp disease (assume patient is experiencing discomfort)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is tachypnea

A

increased resp rate (don’t confuse with panting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is orthopnea

A

inability to breath unless in an upright position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is cyanosis

A

bluish to red-purple colour in the tissues due to increased amounts of deoyxgenated or reduced hemoglobin

arterial SaO2 (73-78%) on pulse oximetry before cyanosis is found with normal hematocrit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is extrathoracic obstruction during inspiration (3)

A
  1. pharynx (stertor)
  2. laryngeal paralysis (stridor)
  3. tracheal collapse (honk)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are intrathoracic obstructions during expiration (3)

A
  1. reactive airway disease –> asthma
  2. chronic bronchitis
  3. physical obstruction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how is thoracic percussion

A

percuss both sides of the chest

identify and asymmetry/areas of increased or decreased resonance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how does pleural effusion present with thoracic percussion

A

increased dullness ventrally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

if dyspnea is caused by cardiac what will the heart rate and rhythm be

A

tachycardia +/- arrhythmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the heart sounds if dyspnea is caused by cardiac reasons

A

usually murmurs +/- gallops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

will there be inspiratory stridor if dyspnea is caused by cardiac reasons

A

not present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what will the response of cyanosis to O2 be if dyspnea is caused by cardiac reasons

A

none if R-L shunt

yes if severe pulmonary edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
if dsypnea is due to cardiac reasons then will the thorax be dull on percussion
yes if there is pleural effusion
26
if dyspnea is caused by respiratory reasons what will be the heart rate and rhythm
normal usually sinus arrhythmia
27
will the heart sounds be normal if dyspnea is caused by respirtory
usually normal
28
will there be inspiratory stridor if there is resp causes of dyspnea
suggestive of URT obstruction
29
what will the repsonse of cyanosis to O2 if there resp causes
improves on O2
30
will the thorax be dull on percussion if dyspnea is caused by resp reasons
pleural effusion or mass
31
what are pleural space diseases that can cause dyspnea
1. pleural effusion 2. pneumothorax
32
what are the causes of pneumothorax (3)
1. trauma 2. spontaneous: secondary to bulla, necrosis, etc 3. iatrogenic
33
what are the treatment of pneumothorax
1. none/rest: minor trauma related tears often heal spontaneously in 2-3 days and need only monitoring 2. thoracocentesis or thoracostomy tube 3. surgery: if pneumothorax persists \>72 hours; large lacerations and if cannot stabilize with a thoracostomy tube
34
what are mediastinal diseases that can cause dyspnea (5)
1. masses: neoplasia/lymphadenomegaly/granulomas/brachial cysts 2. megaesophagus 3. pneumomediastinum 4. mediastinitis 5. mediastinal hemorrhage
35
what are the most common mediastinal neoplasia masses
1. lymphoma 2. thymoma
36
what are the differential diagnosis causes of neoplastic mediastinal masses (3)
1. ectopic thyroid carcinoma 2. chemodectoma 3. neuroendocrine
37
how are mediastinal masses diagnosed
fine needle aspiration flow cytometry may be helpful in distinguishing
38
what are the types of thymomas
1. invasive 2. non-invasive
39
what are the paraneoplastic effects of thymomas
hypercalcemia
40
what are other physical effects of mediastinal masses (6)
1. venous obstruction: cranial vena cava can cause edema 2. dysphagia: aspiration pnemonia 3. horner's sydrome: isruption of a nerve pathway from the brain to the face and eye on one side of the body 4. hypertrophic osteopathy 5. myasthenia gravis (thymoma) 6. other paraneoplastic effect
41
how do mediastinal masses cause dyspnea (4)
1. pleural effusion 2. airway compression 3. space occupying 4. laryngeal paralysis
42
what is hypertrophic osteopathy
unusual paraneoplastic syndrome: pallisades of sub-periosteal new bone on distal limbs (metapodial bones) usually secondary to a thoracic mass causes limb thickening & lameness
43
what are miscellaneous pulmonary diseases causing dyspnea (8)
1. neoplasia (primary or secondary) 2. idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 3. paraquat poisoning 4. pneumonia 5. parasitic 6. hemorrhage 7. edema 8. pulmonary thromboembolism
44
what breed is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis seen in
west highland white terriers "westies disease"
45
what is the cause of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
unknown may be non specific interstitial pneumonitis
46
what is the onset of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
gradual progressive deterioration
47
what can idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis be secondary to
other resp conditions
48
what are the signs of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (6)
1. dyspnea 2. tachypnea 3. exercise intolerance 4. cough (esp if also have CAD) **5. marked crackles on auscultation - very loud** 6. otherwise normal
49
how is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis diagnosed (3)
clinical presentation imaging bronchoscopy
50
how is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treated (4)
1. anti-inflammatory: glucocorticosteroids (oral or inhaled), mycophenolate 2. bronchodilators (oral or inhaled) 3. antibacterial therapy if secondary infection **4. sildenafil (or pimobendan) if pulmonary hypertension: most helpful**
51
how do cats present with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
cough and dyspnea
52
how are cats with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treated (3)
corticosteroids sildenafil bronchodilators
53
what is the prognosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in cats
guarded more rapidly progressive
54
what is paraquat poisoning
herbicide pneumotoxin
55
what does paraquat poisoning result in (3)
1. severe dyspnea initially with minimal radiographic findings 2. initial alveolitis 3. hemorrhagic progresses to severe pulmonary fibrosis
56
what is the prognosis of paraquat poisoning
poor
57
what can make paraquat poisoning worse
oxygen supplementation formation of supraoxides in the lungs
58
what are the causes of bacterial pneumonia (2)
1. Bordatella spp 2. Pasteurella spp
59
when can bacterial pneumonia be caught
environmental (spontaneous) or hospital
60
what is the signalment of bacterial pneumonia
dogs \> cats younger dogs
61
what does bacterial pneumonia cause
venetral lobar alveolar pattern (early and recovery interstitial)
62
what are the predispositions of bacterial pneumonia (4)
1. prolonged recumbency (GA) 2. foreign body 3. dysphagia (megaesophagus, orally dosed for medication, feeding) 4. damage to respiratory defences (CAD)
63
what are the viral causes of pneumonia in cats and dogs
1. canine distemper 2. canine influenza 3. feline calcicivirus
64
what are the causes of pneumonia
1. bacterial 2. viral 3. parasitic 4. mycotic
65
how does bacterial pneumonia present on radiograph (4)
1. interstitial pattern early in disease 2. alveolar pattern: air bronchograms are classical 3. middle right lung lobe pathology or cranioventral distribution **4. look for foreign bodies, megaesophagus and other thoracic diseases**
66
describe the radiographic changes and ddx
consolidation of right middle lung lobe bacterial pneumonia
67
what are the radiographic changes and ddx
megaesophagus, depression of trachea air filled bronchus surrounded by pneumonia lung bacterial pneumonia
68
how is bacterial pneumonia diagnosed (4)
1. hematology 2. transtracheal/endotracheal wash and cytology and culture 3. bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and culture and cytology 4. cytology
69
what are the hematologic signs of bacterial pneumonia (2)
1. left shift neutrophilic leukocytosis 2. monocytosis if more chronic
70
what is seen on cytology in bacterial pneumonia
degenerative neutrophils/monocytes intracellular bacteria
71
what can bacterial pneumonia result in
sepsis which can lead to additional acute lung injury and ARDS (death)
72
how is mild, stable bacterial pneumonia treated
amoxycillin-clavunate, trimethoprim-sulfonamide
73
how is moderate and severe bacterial pneumonia treated
beta-lactam and fluroquinolone/aminoglycosides broad coverage: four quadrants gram +, gram -, anaerobes, mycoplasma spp IV injectable therapy then change to oral once its under control long term is usually required 4-8 weeks
74
how is bacterial pneumonia managed (3)
1. supplementary O2 2. nebulization: mobilizes airway secretions (sterile saline + gentamicin) + may need bronchodilator 3. supportive care: IV, coupage, bronchodilators
75
what are the symptoms of mycotic pneumonia (5)
similar for all pneumonias 1. abnormal resp pattern 2. tachypnea 3. cough (pulmonary granulomas) 4. exercise intolerance 5. systemic signs: inappetance, weight loss, fever, lameness, lymphadenopathy, chorio-retinitis or anterior uveitis, draining fistula tracts
76
what is the etiology of mycotic pneumonia
1. Blastomycosis 2. Histoplasmosis 3. Coccidiomycosis 4. Aspergillosis
77
what can cause pulmonary edema (7)
1. cardiogenic causes (heart failure) 2. toxins (bacterial, smoke, paraquat, endogenous) 3. anaphylaxis/shock 4. near drowning 5. neurogenic: seizures, electric shock 6. over-perfusion(too much IV fluids): hypoalbuminemia 7. negative pleural pressure in upper airway obstruction
78
how is pulmonary edema treated (3)
1. diuretics 2. oxygen 3. specific treatment for underlying cause
79
what are the causes of pulmonary hemorrhage (4)
1. trauma (RTA) 2. coagulopathies (coumarin rodenticides) 3. pulmonary thromboembolism 4. *Angiostrongylus vasorum*
80
what are the causes of pulmonary thromboembolism (7)
1. heartworm 2. nephrotic syndrome (loss of antithrombin III) 3. hyperadrenocorticism 4. bacterial endocarditis 5. immune mediated hemolytic anemia 6. corticosteroid therapy 7. iatrogenic
81
what are the signs of pulmonary thromboembolisms
1. profound dyspnea/distress 2. hypoxemia 3. sudden death
82
how are pulmonary thromboembolisms diagnosed (4)
1. minimal radiographic changes but may have right sided cardiomegaly +/- vascular attenuation or tortuosity 2. contrast angiography; CT 3. hematology/coagulation profile 4. pulmonary hypertension on echo
83
what are the radiographic changes seen
inverted D shape: right sided enlargement (RV) hypovascular lung field attenuation of caudal lobe pulmonary arteries
84
how is pulmonary thromboembolism treated
1. heparin 2. aspirin or cloidogrel 3. sildenafil where PH present 4. thrombolysis? treat underlying cause
85
what are airway diseases that cause dyspnea (4)
1. laryngeal paralysis 2. tracheal collapse 3. foreign bodies 4. feline asthma
86
what are the clinical features of feline asthma
1. any age commonly in young to middle aged cats (1-3 yo) 2. siamese appear predisposed
87
what are the clinical signs of feline asthma (3)
1. variable 2. chronic or intermittent cough 3. acute respiratory distress: open mouth breathing, audbile wheezing
88
what are the main differentials for acute dyspnea in cats (7)
1. feline bronchial asthma 2. congestive heart failure (pleural effusion, pulmonary edema) 3. lung contusion 4. pneumonia 5. hydrothorax or pneumothorax 6. diaphragmatic and pericardioperitoneal diaphragmatic hernia 7. upper airway obstruction
89
what are the radiographic changes seen in feline asthma (5)
1. hyperlucency and hyperinflation 2. flattened diagphragm indicating air-trapping 3. broncho-interstitial to bronchial patterns 4. abnormal soft tissue opacities: granulomas, mucoid plugs 5. erophagia (swallow air)
90
what radiographic changes are seen here
patchy infiltrates feline asthma
91
what radiographic change is seen here
gas in stomach due to feline asthma
92
what change is seen here
flattened diaphragm feline asthma
93
what is the changes seen here
bronchial pattern middle lung lobe collapse air trapping
94
how is feline asthma diagnosed (4)
dyspnea cough BALF cytology - eosinophilia radiograph: bronchial pattern, middle lung lobe collapse, air trapping
95
what is the acute treatment of feline asthma
1. oxygen 2. cage rest 3. bronchodilator 4. corticosteroids
96
what bronchodilators used in feline asthma (5)
1. terbutaline 2. aminophylline **3. salbutamol - inhaled** 4. adrenaline 5. atropine
97
what corticosteroids are used to treat feline asthma (3)
1. methylprednisolone 2. dexamethaonse **3. inhaled futicasone**
98
what is the long term treatment of feline asthma (5)
1. control environment 2. control endoparasites (fenbendazole) 3. bronchodilators (acute or high grade) 4. antibiotics - doxycycline 5. corticosteroids (chronic)
99
what long term bronchodilators are used to treat feline asthma
1. salbutamol (albuterol) inhaled 2. salmeterol (serevent) inhaled 3. terbutaline: 0.625 mg-1.25 mg per os 12 h 4. theophylline 20mg/kg per os 24h
100
what long term corticosteroids are used to treat feline asthma
1. prednisolone 0.5mg/kg po q 24 hours for 7-14 days and then taper 2. futicasone, budesonide, beclomethasone inhaled

Module 15 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions