upper respiratory tract

Question 1

nasal planum

Answer 1

dogs cats sheep and goats

Question 2

nasolabial planum

Answer 2

ox

Question 3

rostral planum

Answer 3

pigs

Question 4

what is the moistness of carnivore nose due to

Answer 4

secretions of lateral nasal glands, lacrimal glands, and mucosa of septum

Question 5

Describe the anatomy of the conchae/turbinates and the meatuses with reference to airflow and olfactory sense.

Answer 5

Nostrils are filled with scrolled bones known as conchae or turbinates
I
ncrease surface area and provide humidification and warming of air

Question 6

most of the URT prevented from collapsing via …

Answer 6

cartilage and bone

Question 7

what species has a nasal diverticulum? what is its significance?

Answer 7

horses

passively dilates nostril

Question 8

Describe how a correctly placed nasogastric tube is passed in the horse with reference to anatomical features of the equine URT (upper respiratory tract).

Answer 8

junction of common meatus and ventral meatus because if you put it through the common meatus it can hit the ethmoid concha and cause a nose bleed

Question 9

Identify which nerves provide somatic sensory innervation to the deep parts of the nasal
cavity and nasal vestibule and which subserve the olfactory epithelium.

Answer 9

ophthalmic n. responsible for somatic sensory innervation to nasal cavity/vestibule

olfactory n. responsible for olfactory epithelium

Question 10

What is the vomeronasal organ, where is it located, and what is its function? What is the Flehman response?

Answer 10

Allows for the recognition of pheromones; located on the roof of the mouth near the hard palate and termed the “incisive duct”

Flehman response: draws air into the vomeronasal organ

Question 11

Name the concha present

Answer 11

Question 12

Name the sinuses

Answer 12

Blue/purple concha frontal sinus
Red rostrum maxillary sinus
Yellow caudal maxillary sinus
Orange/green sphenopalantine sinus

Question 13

Name the sinuses

Answer 13

Blue /Green rostral frontal sinus
Light blue caudal frontal sinus
Yellow maxillary sinus
Orange palatine sinus
Purple dorsal conchal sinus
Olive green sphenoid sinus

Question 14

Describe the relationship of the equine maxillary sinuses to the cheek teeth. Why do the maxillary sinuses enlarge as the horse ages?

How are the maxillary sinuses involved in removal of caudal cheek teeth in the horse?

Answer 14

As a horse’s cheek teeth erupt, the maxillary sinus becomes larger

When a tooth cannot be extracted through the mouth with forceps, tooth removal occurs via a cheek tooth repulsion. For repulsion of the sixth cheek tooth you will have to enter the maxillary sinus by going through the frontal sinus and the frontomaxillary opening.

Question 15

sensory innervation to laryngeal vestibule

Answer 15

cranial laryngeal n.

Question 16

motor innervation of intrinsic muscles of the larynx

Answer 16

recurrent laryngeal n.

Question 17

motor innervation to m.cricothyroideus

Answer 17

cranial laryngeal n.

Question 18

what is the most significant abductor of the corniculate processes of the arytenoid cartilage

Answer 18

dorsal cricoarytenoid m.

Question 19

Answer 19

Laryngeal hemiplegia

Question 20

Answer 20

Dorsal displacement of soft palate

Question 21

Answer 21

aryepiglottic entrapment

Question 22

difference between horse and cow parasinus communcations

how does this relate to infections

Answer 22

in horses, all the parasinuses drain into the nasal cavity via one opening which can cause infection to spread and have to flush them all

cows, frontal sinus communicates with nuchal and cornual diverticulums and drain into nasal cavity through an opening, maxillary communicates with lacrimal bulla and drains separately into nasal cavity, spheniod/palatine/dorsal conchal sinuses each individually drain into nasal cavity; if one is infected only flush that one

Question 23

what are the borders on the horse for the maxillary sinus

Answer 23

nasal canthus
infraorbital foramen
facial crest

Question 24

describe the dogs parasinus communcation

Answer 24

frontal sinus drains into nasal cavity
maxillary recess drains separately into nasal cavity