Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

msk > Upper Limb Bones > Flashcards

Upper Limb Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for the scapula?

A

Shoulder blade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The scapula connects the upper limb to the main trunk of the body by articulating with which two bones? At which two joints?

A

Humerus - glenohumeral joint

Clavicle - acromioclavicular joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the rough shape of the scapula?

A

Triangular (and flat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is another term for the anterior surface of the scapula? Why is it give this name?

A

Costal

This side faces the ribcage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The costal surface of the scapula has a concave depression over most of its surface called…

A

The subscapular fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name a muscle that originates from the subscapular fossa.

A

Subscapularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which hook-like projection lies just underneath the clavicle on the superolateral surface of the costal scapula?

A

Coracoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name a muscle that attaches at the coracoid process.

A

Pectoralis minor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name two muscles that originate at the coracoid process.

A

Coracobrachialis

Biceps brachii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The lateral surface of the scapula faces which bone?

A

Humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the name given to the shallow cavity which articulates with the humerus to form the glenohumeral joint?

A

Glenoid fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is the glenoid fossa located on the scapula?

A

The superior part of the lateral border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is meant by the term tubercle?

A

A roughening of the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is the supraglenoid tubercle? Which muscle attaches here?

A

Immediately superior to the glenoid fossa

Long head of the biceps brachii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is the infraglenoid tubercle? Which muscle attaches here?

A

Long head of the triceps brachii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The majority of which group of muscles attaches at the posterior surface of the scapula?

A

Rotator cuff muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which structure of the posterior surface of the scapula ‘divides’ it in two?

A

Spine of the scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is the infraspinous fossa, convex or concave in shape? Which muscle originates here?

A

Convex

Infraspinatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Is the supraspinous fossa, convex or concave in shape? How does its shape and size compare to the infraspinous fossa? Which muscle originates here?

A

Convex

Smaller and more convex that infraspinous fossa

Supraspinatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the name given to the projection of the spine of the scapula that arches over the glenohumeral joint? What articulates here?

A

Acromion

Scapula with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What bones articulate at the glenohumeral joint?

A

The glenoid fossa of the scapula with the humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which bones articulate at the acromioclavicular joint? What is the position of this compared to the glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)?

A

The clavicle and the acromion of the scapula

Superior to the shoulder joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Are fractures of the scapula relatively common or uncommon?

A

Uncommon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fractures of the scapula usually indicate severe…

A

Chest trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is a fractured scapula treated?

A

Without much intervention, tone of surrounding muscles holds pieces of scapula together for healing to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where does the serratus anterior originate and attach? What nerve innervates it?

A

Originates from ribs 1-8
Attaches at the costal face of the scapula
Long thoracic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Damage to the long thoracic nerve can have what effect on the scapula?

A

Winged scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is another name for the clavicle?

A

Collarbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What sort of bone is the clavicle classed as?

A

Long bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the three main functions of the clavicle?

A

Attaches the upper limb to the trunk
Protects the underlying neurovascular structures supplying the upper limb
Transmits force from the upper limb to the axial skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The clavicle is an S shaped bone, which end forms the convex and which end forms the concave aspects of the clavicle?

A

Medial end is convex

Lateral end is concave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is another name for the medial and lateral ends of the clavicle?

A

Medial - sternal

Lateral - acromial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a facet with regards to anatomy?

A

A small smooth area on a bone that is usually an articular surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What articulations are there at the sternal end of the clavicle?

A

Articulation of the clavicle with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The inferior end of the sternal clavicle is marked by a rough oval depression, what is this for?

A

The costoclavicular ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What articulations take place at the acromial end of the clavicle?

A

Acromion of the scapula with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Which two ligaments attach at the acromial end of the clavicle? At which structures? Which is more medial?

A

Conoid ligament at the conoid tubercle

Trapezoid ligament at the trapezoid line

Conoid ligament is more medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The conoid tubercle makes up the _________ part of the _____________________ ligament. The trapezoid ligament makes up the ________ part of the _______________ ligament

A

Medial
Coracoclavicular
Lateral
Coracoclavicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The coracoclavicular ligament is a very strong structure, what is its function?

A

To suspend the weight of the upper limb from the clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Is the clavicle commonly fractured?

A

Yes, most commonly fractured bone in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is a common cause of clavicle fractures?

A

FOOSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the most common area for fracture of the clavicle? What is the most common point of fracture of the clavicle?

A

Middle 1/3 (thinnest here)

Junction of the medial 2/3 and lateral 1/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What happens to the two fragments of the clavicle in a clavicle fracture?

A

Medial fragment is displaced superiorly by the sternocleidomastoid muscle

Lateral fragment is displaced inferiorly by the weight of the arm and medially by the pectoralis major

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What nerves may be damaged in a fracture of the clavicle? What do these nerves innervate? What can this result in?

A

The suprascapular nerves

Lateral rotators of the upper limb

Unopposed medial rotation of the upper limb (waiters tip)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The head of the humerus is connected to the greater and lesser tubercles by the…

A

Anatomical neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the position of the greater tubercle on the humerus? Is it on the anterior or posterior surface of the humerus?

A

Laterally on the humerus

Has an anterior and posterior face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The greater tubercle serves as attachment site for which three of the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the location of the lesser tubercle on the humerus? Is it located on the anterior or posterior face of the humerus?

A

More medially located

Has only an anterior face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Which muscle attaches at the lesser tubercle?

A

Subscapularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the name given to the groove between the tubercles? What runs through this groove?

A

Intertubercular sulcus

The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the edges of the intertubercular sulcus known as? What connects here?

A

Lips

Tendons of the pectoralis major, teres major and latissimus dorsi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Where is the surgical neck on the humerus?

A

Runs from the tubercles to the shaft of the humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

The surgical neck of the humerus is a common site for…

A

Fracture of the humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What can cause fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus? (2)

A

Direct blow to the area

FOOSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

In a surgical neck fracture, what two nearby neurovascular structures can be affected?

A

Axillary nerve

Posterior circumflex artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Axillary nerve damage will result in paralysis of which two muscles?

A

Deltoid and teres minor muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Name two bony landmarks on the shaft of the humerus.

A

Deltoid tuberosity

Radial groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is the deltoid tuberosity?

A

A roughened surface on the lateral side of the humeral shaft where the deltoid muscle attaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Where does the radial groove run?

A

Diagonally down the posterior surface of the humerus parallel to the deltoid tuberosity

60
Q

What two structures run in the radial groove?

A

Radial nerve

Profunda brachii artery

61
Q

What muscles attach anteriorly to the humerus alongside its shaft? (4)

A

Coracobrachialis
Deltoid
Brachialis
Brachioradialis

62
Q

What muscles attach posteriorly to the shaft of the humerus? (2)

A

Medial and lateral heads of the triceps

63
Q

A mid-shaft fracture could easily damage which structures? Why?

A

Radial nerve and profunda brachii artery

They are tightly bound in the radial groove

64
Q

The radial nerve innervates the ______________ of the wrist. In the case of damage to this nerve, what will occur?

A

Extensors

Unopposed flexion of the wrist - ‘wrist drop’

65
Q

The lateral and medial borders of the humerus form medial and lateral __________ __________. What is found immediately distally to these?

A

Supraepicondylar ridges

Lateral and medial epicondyles

66
Q

Compare the structure of the lateral supraepicondylar ridge compared to the medial supraepicondylar ridge.

A

Lateral ridge is more roughened as it is the site of attachment for many of the extensor muscles in the posterior forearm

67
Q

Which is larger, the medial or lateral epicondyle

A

Medial epicondyle

68
Q

Where does the ulnar nerve pass into the forearm?

A

Along the posterior side of the medial epicondyle

69
Q

Where are the trochlea and capitulum located?

A

Both on the distal end of the humerus
Trochlea is located medially
Capitulum is located laterally

70
Q

Does the trochlea or the capitulum extend to the posterior of the humerus?

A

The trochlea

71
Q

Name the three depressions found on the distal portion of the humerus. What is their function?

A

Coronoid fossa
Radial fossa
Olecranon fossa

They accommodate the forearm bones during movement at the elbow

72
Q

What articulations are there at the proximal region of the humerus?

A

Articulation with the scapula at the glenohumeral joint

73
Q

What articulations are there at the distal end of the humerus?

A

Ulna articulates with the trochlea
Radius articulates with the capitulum

At the elbow joint

74
Q

Name two common fractures of the distal humerus.

A

Supracondylar fracture

Medial epicondyle fracture

75
Q

What is the common cause of a supracondylar fracture?

A

Falling onto a flexed elbow

76
Q

Direct damage or swelling as a result of a supracondylar fracture can affect which vessel? Leading to what?

A

Brachial artery

Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture

77
Q

What can Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture cause?

A

Uncontrolled flexion of the hand

Damage to the median, ulnar or radial nerves

78
Q

What nerve can be damaged in a medial epicondyle fracture? What can this result in?

A

Ulnar nerve

Ulnar claw
Loss of sensation over medial 1.5 fingers of the hand on dorsal and palmar surfaces

79
Q

What are the two bones in the forearm? Which is located more medially?

A

Ulna and radius

Ulna

80
Q

What is the general role of the ulna? What is the general role of the radius?

A

Acts as a stabilising bone

Pivots to produce movement

81
Q

What does the proximal end of the ulna articulate with?

A

The trochlea of the humerus at the elbow joint

82
Q

Name 5 landmarks of the proximal ulna.

A 
Trochlea notch 
Radial notch 
Tuberosity of ulna 
Coronoid process 
Olecranon
83
Q

What is the olecranon? Which muscle attaches here?

A

Projection of bone that extends proximally forming part of the trochlear notch

Triceps brachii to its superior surface

84
Q

What is the coronoid process?

A

The ridge of the bone projecting outwards anteriorly forming part of the trochlear notch

85
Q

What forms the trochlear notch? What rough shape does it it take? What does it articulate with?

A

Olecranon and coronoid process

Wrench shaped

The trochlea of the humerus

86
Q

Where is the radial notch located? What does this articulate with?

A

On the lateral side of the trochlear notch

The head of the radius

87
Q

Where is the tuberosity of ulna? Which muscle attaches here?

A

Immediately distal to the coronoid process

Brachialis muscle

88
Q

What is the rough shape of the ulnar shaft? How many surfaces and borders does it have? What happens to its width as it moves distally?

A

Triangular

Three surfaces, Three borders

Width decreases distally

89
Q

What are the three surfaces of the ulnar shaft?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Medial

90
Q

What are the three borders of the ulnar shaft?

A

Posterior
Interosseous
Anterior

91
Q

What muscle attaches at the anterior surface of the ulnar shaft?

A

Pronator quadratus muscle distally

92
Q

Which surface of the ulnar shaft is the site of attachment for many muscles?

A

Posterior

93
Q

Which border of the ulnar shaft is palpable along its entire length?

A

Posterior

94
Q

What is the interosseous border of the ulnar shaft the site of attachment for?

A

The interosseous membrane which spans the distance between the ulna and radius

95
Q

How does the ulna terminate at its distal end?

A

In a rounded head with a distal projection called the styloid process

96
Q

What articulations are present at the distal end of the ulna?

A

The head of the ulna articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius at the distal radio-ulnar joint

97
Q

What is the most likely fracture of the ulna? What causes it? What effect does this have on the proximal ulna?

A

A fracture in the shaft

Often the ulna being hit by an object

Pulled posteriorly by the normal muscle tone

98
Q

What can cause a fracture of the olecranon process? What can displace part of the fragment proximally?

A

Falling on a flexed elbow

Triceps brachii

99
Q

The interosseous membrane attaches…

What is the clinical significance of this with regards to fractures?

A

The ulna and radius

Force of trauma from one bone can easily be transmitted to the other - resulting in fractures of both forearm bones

100
Q

What are two classical fractures involving both the ulna and radius?

A

Monteggia’s fracture

Galeazzi’s fracture

101
Q

In a Monteggia’s fracture, which bone is fractured and which bone is dislocated?

A

Ulna - fractured

Radius - dislocated

102
Q

In a Galeazzi’s fracture, which bone is fractured and which bone is dislocated?

A

Ulna - dislocated

Radius - fractured

103
Q

The radius articulates in which four places?

A

Elbow joint
Proximal radioulnar joint
Wrist joint
Distal radioulnar joint

104
Q

How does the radius articulate at the elbow joint?

A

Elbow joint is partly formed by articulation of the head of the radius with the capitulum of the humerus

105
Q

How does the radius articulate at the proximal radioulnar joint?

A

Articulation between the radial head and radial notch of the ulna

106
Q

How does the radius articulate at the wrist joint?

A

Articulation between the distal end of the radius and the carpal bones

107
Q

How does the radius articulate at the distal radioulnar joint?

A

Articulation between the ulnar notch and head of the ulna

108
Q

Name 3 important bony landmarks of the proximal end of the radius (proximally to distally)

A

Head
Neck
Radial tuberosity

109
Q

Which muscle attaches at the radial tuberosity?

A

Biceps brachii

110
Q

What is the neck of the radius?

A

Narrow area of bone between the radial head and radial tuberosity

111
Q

The head of the radius is thicken on which side? Why? What rough shape does it take?

A

Medially
Forms part of the proximal radioulnar joint here
Disk shaped structure

112
Q

What happens to the diameter of the radial shaft as it moves distally?

A

Increases

113
Q

What is the rough shape of the shaft of the radius? How many borders/surfaces does it have?

A

Triangular

3

114
Q

Where does the pronator teres muscle attach to the radius?

A

In the middle of the lateral surface of the shaft

115
Q

What shape does the distal region of the radius form?

A

Rectangular end

116
Q

The lateral side of the radius projects distally as the…

What structure exists on the medial surface of the distal radius? What joint does this form?

A

Styloid process

Ulnar notch, articulates with the head of ulna to form the distal radioulnar joint

117
Q

How is the wrist joint formed at the distal end of the radius?

A

Articulation of the radius with the scaphoid and lunate

118
Q

Name 3 common types of fractures of the radius, which is most common?

A

Colles’ fracture (most common)
Fractures of the radial head
Smith’s fracture

119
Q

What is a Colles’ fracture? What can cause it? What happens to structures distal to the fracture? What can this result in?

A

Fracture of the distal radius

FOOSH

Displaced posteriorly

Dinner fork deformity

120
Q

What is a common cause of fractures of the radial head? What happens to cause the fracture?

A

FOOSH

Radial head is forced into the capitulum of the humerus

121
Q

What causes a Smith’s fracture? What happens to the distal fragment of the radius?

A

Fall onto the back of the hand

Distal fragment displaced anteriorly (opposite of Colles’ fracture)

122
Q

The bones of the hand can be divided into which three categories? (Proximal to distal)

A

Carpal bones
Metacarpals
Phalanges

123
Q

How many carpal bones are there? Where are they located?

A

8

Wrist area

124
Q

How many metacarpals are there?

A

5

One for each digit

125
Q

How many phalanges are there? Where are they located?

A

In the fingers/thumb

Three for each finger
Two for the thumb

126
Q

How are the carpal bones organised?

A

Into two rows - proximal and distal

127
Q

What bones exist in the proximal row of the carpal bones? (Lateral to medial)

A

Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform

128
Q

What type of bone is the pisiform? Where is it formed?

A

A sesamoid bone

Within the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris

129
Q

What bones exist in the distal row of the carpal bones? (Lateral to medial)

A

Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

130
Q

What is the hook of hamate?

A

A projection on the palmar surface of of the hamate

131
Q

Which carpals articulate with the radius to form the wrist joint?

A

Scaphoid and lunate

132
Q

What do the distal carpals articulate with?

A

The metacarpals

133
Q

What are the two carpal bones that are most commonly fractured? What is the usual mechanism of injury?

A

Scaphoid, Lunate

FOOSH

134
Q

What is the classical clinical feature of a scaphoid fracture?

A

Pain/tenderness in the anatomical snuffbox

135
Q

What are the dangers of a scaphoid fracture?

A

The blood supply of the proximal part of the scaphoid can be cut off causing it to undergo avascular necrosis

136
Q

Patients with missed scaphoid fracture are likely to develop…

A

Arthritis in later life

137
Q

A lunate fracture occurs when there is ___________________ of the wrist

A

Hyperextension

138
Q

A lunate fracture is associated with damage to which nerve?

A

Median nerve

139
Q

Where do the metacarpals articulate proximally and distally?

A

With the carpals proximally

With the proximal phalanges distally

140
Q

How is each metacarpal numbered?

A

I - V (thumb to little finger)

141
Q

What is the shape of the medial and lateral surfaces of the metacarpals? What is the purpose of this?

A

Concave

Allows attachment of the interoessei muscles

142
Q

Name two common fractures of the metacarpals. Which metacarpal does each fracture affect?

A

Boxer’s fracture - 5th metacarpal neck

Bennett’s fracture - 1st metacarpal base

143
Q

What usually causes a boxer’s fracture? What happens to the the distal part of the fracture and finger in this case?

A

Striking a hard object with a clenched fist

Displaced posteriorly. Shortening of finger

144
Q

What causes Bennett’s fracture?

A

Hyperabduction of the thumb

145
Q

What are phalanges?

A

The bones of the fingers

msk (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions