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MSK > Leg Muscles > Flashcards

Leg Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

The muscles of the leg are split into which compartments?

A

3 compartments

Anterior
Lateral
Posterior

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2
Q

How many muscles are there in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

4

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3
Q

Name the 4 muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius

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4
Q

The anterior muscles of the leg collectively work to…

A

Dorsiflex and invert the foot at the ankle

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5
Q

As well as dorsiflexing and inverting the foot, the extensor hallicus longus and extensor digitorum longus also act to…

A

Extend the toes

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6
Q

The muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg are all supplied by which nerve?

A

Deep fibular nerve (L4-L5)

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7
Q

Which roots contribute to the deep fibular nerve?

A

L4-L5

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8
Q

Which vessel supplies the blood to the anterior leg muscle?

A

Anterior tibial artery

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9
Q

The tibialis anterior is located on the ___________ aspect of the tibia

A

Lateral

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10
Q

Which of the anterior leg muscles is the strongest dorsiflexor of the foot?

A

Tibialis anterior

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11
Q

What test can be carried out to test the power of the tibialis anterior?

A

Stand on their heels

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12
Q

Where does the tibialis anterior originate and attach?

A

Originates - lateral surface of the tibia

Attaches - medial cuneiform and the base of metatarsal I

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13
Q

What is the action of the tibialis anterior?

A

Dorsiflexion of the foot

Inversion of the foot

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14
Q

Where does the extensor digitorum longus lie relative to the tibialis anterior?

A

Lateral and deep to the tibialis anterior

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15
Q

Where can the tendons of the EDL be palpated?

A

On the dorsal surface of the foot

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16
Q

Where does the EDL originate and attach?

A

Originates - lateral condyle of the tibia and medial surface of the fibula

Attaches - converges into a tendon at the dorsum of the foot and split into 4, each inserting into a toe

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17
Q

What is the function of the EDL?

A

Dorsiflexion of the foot

Extension of the lateral four toes

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18
Q

Where is the extensor hallucis longus located relative to the EDL and TA?

A

Deep to both

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19
Q

Where does the extensor hallucis longus originate and attach?

A

Originates - medial surface of the fibular shaft

Attaches - base of the distal phalanx of the great toe

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20
Q

What is the function of the extensor hallucis longus?

A

Dorsiflexion of the foot

Extension of the big toe

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21
Q

Which muscle of the anterior compartment of the leg is not present in all individuals?

A

Fibularis tertius

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22
Q

Where does the fibularis tertius arise?

A

Most inferior part of the extensor digitorum longus

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23
Q

Where does the fibularis tertius originate and attach?

A

Originates - with the EDL at the medial surface of the fibula

Attaches - to metatarsal V

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24
Q

What is the function of the fibularis tertius?

A

Eversion and dorsiflexion of the foot

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25
Q

Footdrop can be seen as a result of paralysis of the…

Damage to which nerve commonly causes this?

A

Anterior muscles of the leg

Common fibular nerve

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26
Q

Which nerve innervates all the anterior muscles of the leg?

A

Deep fibular nerve (L4-L5)

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27
Q

Which vessel supplies the blood to the anterior muscles of the leg?

A

Anterior tibial artery

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28
Q

Where are the plantarflexor muscles of the foot found?

A

In the posterior leg

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29
Q

Why does paralysis of the anterior leg muscles result in foot drop?

A

There is unopposed pull of the plantarflexor muscles in the posterior leg

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30
Q

What problems can foot drop cause? How are these overcome?

A

Problems with walking

Eversion flick - flicking the foot outwards when walking

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31
Q

Which of the muscles in the anterior leg cause eversion of the foot?

A

Fibularis tertius

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32
Q

The nerve roots of the deep fibular nerve are…

A

L4-L5

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33
Q

Which muscle in the anterior leg attaches to the base of the first metatarsal?

A

Tibialis anterior

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34
Q

Which is the most superficial of the muscles of the anterior leg?

A

Tibialis anterior

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35
Q

How many muscles are there in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

2

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36
Q

Name the two muscle of the lateral compartment of the leg

A

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

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37
Q

What is the common function of the lateral muscles of the leg?

A

Eversion of the foot

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38
Q

Both the lateral muscles of the leg are innervated by which nerve?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

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39
Q

Which is the larger and more superficial of the two lateral muscles of the leg?

A

Fibularis longus

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40
Q

Where does the fibularis longus originate and attach?

A

Originates - superior/lateral surfaces of the fibula and lateral tibial condyle

Attaches - medial cuneiform, base of metatarsal I

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41
Q

Where does the tendon that the fibularis longus fibres converge into pass?

A

Into and under the foot (posterior to the lateral malleolus)

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42
Q

What is the function of the fibularis longus?

A

Eversion
Plantarflexion of the foot

Supports the lateral and transverse arches of the foot

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43
Q

Which nerve innervates the fibularis longus?

A

Superficial fibular nerve (L4-S1)

44
Q

Which roots contribute to the superficial fibular nerve?

A

L4-S1

45
Q

Where does the fibularis brevis originate and attach?

A

Originates - inferolateral surface of the fibular shaft

Attaches - a tubercle on metatarsal V

46
Q

Where does the tendon of the fibularis brevis pass?

A

Posteriorly to the lateral malleolus over the calcaneus and cuboidal bones

47
Q

What is the action of the fibularis brevis?

A

Eversion of the foot

48
Q

Which nerve and roots innervate the fibularis brevis?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

Roots (L4-S1)

49
Q

What anatomical landmark can be used to locate the common fibular nerve?

A

Fibularis longus

50
Q

How can the fibularis longus be used to identify the common fibular nerve?

A

The common fibular nerve passes through the gap between the origins of the FL at head of the fibula and at the neck of the fibula

51
Q

What happens to the common fibular nerve after passing through the gap between the origins of the fibularis longus?

A

It divides into the deep and superficial fibular nerves

52
Q

How many muscles are in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

7

53
Q

The posterior leg muscles can be categorised into which two categories?

A

Superficial

Deep

54
Q

What separates the superficial and deep muscles of the posterior leg?

A

A band of fascia

55
Q

Which compartment of the leg is the largest?

A

Posterior compartment

56
Q

Collectively, the muscles of the posterior leg act to…

A

Plantarflex the foot

Invert the foot

57
Q

Which nerve innervates all the posterior muscles of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve

58
Q

The tibial nerve is a terminal branch of which nerve?

A

Sciatic nerve

59
Q

All the superficial muscles of the posterior leg insert into…

A

The calcaneus of the foot via the calcaneal tendon

60
Q

All the superficial muscles of the posterior leg insert into the heel bone via which tendon?

A

Calcaneal tendon

61
Q

The calcaneal reflex tests which roots?

A

S1-S2

62
Q

How many muscles are there in the superficial layer of the posterior leg?

A

3

63
Q

Name the muscles in the superficial layer of the posterior leg

A

Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
Soleus

64
Q

How is friction minimised at the calcaneal tendon during movement?

A

By the presence of two bursae

65
Q

Which two bursae are associated with the calcaneal tendon?

A

Subcutaneous calcaneal bursa

Deep bursa of the calcaneal tendon

66
Q

Where does the subcutaneous calcaneal bursae lie?

Where does the deep bursa of the calcaneal tendon lie?

A

Between the skin and calcaneal tendon

Between the tendon and calcaneus

67
Q

Which is the most superficial of all the posterior leg muscles?

A

The gastrocnemius

68
Q

The gastrocnemius consists of how many heads?

A

2

Lateral and medial

69
Q

Where does the lateral head of the gastrocnemius originate?

Where does the medial head of the gastrocnemius originate?

A

Lateral femoral condyle

Medial femoral condyle

70
Q

Where does the gastrocnemius attach?

A

Combines with the soleus in the lower leg to form the calcaneal tenon which inserts into the calcaneus

71
Q

What is the function of the gastrocnemius?

A

Plantarflexes the foot

Flexes the knee

72
Q

The plantaris is a small muscle with a long tendon and is often mistaken for a…

A

Nerve

73
Q

Is the plantaris present in all people?

A

No - absent in around ~10% of people

74
Q

Where does the plantaris originate and attach?

A

Originates - Lateral supracondylar line of the femur

Attaches - blends with the calcaneal tendon and inserts into the calcaneus

75
Q

What is the function of the plantaris?

A

Plantarflexes the foot

Flexes the knee

76
Q

Where is the soleus located relative to the gastrocnemius?

A

Deep to the gastrocnemius

77
Q

Where does the soleus originate and attach?

A

Originates - soleal line of the tibia and proximal fibular area

Attaches - joins the calcaneal tendon —> calcaneus

78
Q

What is the action of the soleus?

A

Plantarflexes the foot

79
Q

Rupture of the calcaneal tendon is more likely to occur in people with a history of…

A

Calcaneal tendinitis

80
Q

What is calcaneal tendinitis?

A

Chronic inflammation of the calcaneal tendon

81
Q

What effect will rupture of the calcaneal tendon have on the foot?

A

Patient will be unable to plantarflex the foot against resistance - foot permanently dorsiflexed

82
Q

What usually causes rupture of the calcaneal tendon?

A

Forceful plantarflexion of the foot

83
Q

What can happen to the soleus and gastrocnemius in rupture of the calcaneal tendon?

A

They can form a lump in the calf region upon contraction

84
Q

Treatment of a ruptured calcaneal tendon is usually…

A

Non-surgical (except in those with active lifestyles)

85
Q

How many muscles are there in the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

4

86
Q

Name the four muscles in the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg

A

Popliteus
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis posterior

87
Q

Which muscle in the deep layer of the posterior leg only acts on the knee joint?

A

Popliteus

88
Q

Where does the popliteus lie in the posterior leg?

A

Superiorly

Behind the knee

89
Q

The popliteus forms the ___________ of the popliteal fossa

A

Base

90
Q

Where is the popliteal bursa located?

A

Between the popliteal tendon and posterior surface of the knee

91
Q

Where does the popliteus originate and attach?

A

Originates - posterior surface of the proximal tibia

Attaches - lateral condyle of the femur and the lateral meniscus of the knee joint

92
Q

Where do the fibres of the popliteus pass?

A

Upwards and laterally from the proximal tibia

93
Q

What is the function of the popliteus?

A

Laterally rotates the femur on the tibia so that flexion can occur

94
Q

Which is the deepest of the muscles in the posterior leg?

A

Tibialis posterior

95
Q

What two muscles does the tibialis posterior lie between?

A

Flexor digitorum longus

Flexor hallucis longus

96
Q

Where does the tibialis posterior originate and attach?

A

Originates - interosseous membrane and posterior surfaces of the tibia and fibula

Attaches - plantar surfaces of the medial tarsal bones

97
Q

What is the action of the tibialis posterior?

A

Inverts and plantarflexes the foot

Maintains the medial arch of the foot

98
Q

Which is bigger, the flexor digitorum longus or flexor hallucis longus?

A

Flexor hallucis longus

99
Q

Where is the flexor digitorum longus located in the posterior leg?

A

Medially

100
Q

Where does the FDL originate and attach?

A

Originates - medial surface of the tibia

Attaches - plantar surface of the lateral four digits

101
Q

What is the action of the FDL?

A

Flexes the lateral 4 toes

102
Q

What aspect of the leg is the flexor hallucis longus found?

A

Lateral aspect of the posterior leg

103
Q

Where does the flexor hallucis longus orignate and attach?

A

Originates - posterior surface of the fibula

Attaches - plantar surface of the phalanx of the great toe

104
Q

What is the function of the flexor hallucis longus?

A

Flexes the big toe

105
Q

Which nerve roots does the calcaneal reflex test?

A

S1-S2

106
Q

In which direction does the femur move to unlock the knee?

A

Rotates laterally

MSK (10 decks)

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