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Anatomy For The MRCS Part A > Upper Limb Anatomy(EMRCS+Almatary+other Sources) > Flashcards

Upper Limb Anatomy(EMRCS+Almatary+other Sources) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the shape of the clavicle?

A

S-shaped

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2
Q

Write short notes on the parts of the clavicle

A
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3
Q

Write short notes on the ends of the clavicle

A
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4
Q

Compare the sternal(medial) and acromial(lateral) ends of the clavicle

A
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5
Q

What is the other name for the sternal clavicular end?

A

Medial clavicular end

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6
Q

What is the shape of the sternal(medial)clavicular end?

A

(1) Quadrangular shape
(2) More robust(bulky)

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7
Q

Write short notes on the facet of the sternal(medial)clavicular end

A
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8
Q

What is the shape of the facet of the sternal(medial)clavicular end?

A

Forward facing convex

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9
Q

What is the size of the facet of the sternal(medial)clavicular end?

A

Much larger

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10
Q

What is the function of the facet of the sternal(medial)clavicular end?

A

For articulation
(1) mainly with-manubrium sterni
(2) to a lesser extent with the-1st costal

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11
Q

Write short notes on the acromial(lateral) clavicular end?

A
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12
Q

What is the shape of the acromial(lateral) clavicular end?

A

Flat

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13
Q

Write short notes on the facet of the acromial(lateral) clavicular end?

A
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14
Q

What is the shape of the facet of the acromial(lateral) clavicular end?

A

(1) Forward facing concave
(2) oval

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15
Q

What is the size of the facet of the acromial(lateral) clavicular end?

A

Small

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16
Q

What is the function of the facet of the acromial(lateral) clavicular end?

A

For articulation with a similar facet on the medial surface of the acromion of the scapula

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17
Q

Write short notes on the surfaces of the clavicle

A
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18
Q

What is the other name for the superior clavicular surface

A

Upper clavicular surface

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19
Q

What is the characteristic of the superior(upper) clavicular end?

A

Smooth

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20
Q

What is the other name for the inferior clavicular surface?

A

lower clavicular surface

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21
Q

Write short notes on inferior(lower) clavicular surface

A
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22
Q

What is the characteristic of the lateral 1/3rd of the clavicle?

A

Lateral 1/3rd of the clavicle possesses a distinct tuberosity consisting of:
(1) conoid tubercle
(2) trapezoid line
-Definition- lateral roughening
- Function- attachment of the coracoclavicular
ligament :-
a)trapezoid ligament (lateral)
b)conoid ligament (medial)

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23
Q

Define trapezoid line

A

lateral roughening

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24
Q

What is the function of the trapezoid line?

A

attachment of the coracoclavicular ligament :-
a)trapezoid ligament (lateral)
b)conoid ligament (medial)

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25
Q

What are the ligaments that are attached to the trapezoid line?

A

coracoclavicular ligament :-
a)trapezoid ligament (lateral)
b)conoid ligament (medial)

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26
Q

Write short notes on the surgical importance of the clavicle?

A

1st/Sternoclavicular joint
The clavicle carries the weight of the upper limb and transmits to the trunk through its articulation with the sternum (Sternoclavicular joint).
2nd/Fracture clavicle
+Incidence:It is one of the most fractured bones in the body
+Aetiology:Direct violence as falling on an outstretched hands(FOOSH)
+Site:The junction between the two curvatures
+Effect:SHOULDER DROP-the lateral fragment is displaced downwards by the weight of the limb.

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27
Q

What is the incidence of the clavicle fracture?

A

It is one of the most fractured bones in the body

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28
Q

What is the aetiology of the clavicle fracture?

A

Direct violence as falling on outstretched hand(FOOSH)

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29
Q

What is the effect of the clavicle fracture?

A

Shoulder drop- the lateral fragment is displaced downward by
the weight of the limb

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30
Q

What is the most common site of the clavicle fracture?

A

The junction between the two curvatures

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31
Q

What is the size of the scapula?

A

Large

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32
Q

What is the shape of the scapula?

A

Flat and triangular

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33
Q

What are the parts of the scapula?

A

Rule of 3 :-
(1) 3 angles
(2) 3 borders
(3) 2 surfaces
(4) 3 processes
(5) 3 fossae

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34
Q

Write short notes on the scapular angles

A

1st/superior(upper)angles
At the level of the 2nd rib

2nd/inferior(lower)angles
At the level of the 7th rib

3rd/lateral angles(glenoid cavity)
*shape-shallow
*function-for articulation of the head of the humerus to form
shoulder
*landmarks- MNEMONIC; ITS B or BITS
1)supraglenoid tubercle:for attachment of biceps
brachii muscle
2)infraglenoid tubercle:for attachment of triceps
brachii muscle

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35
Q

What is costal level of the superior(upper) scapular angle?

A

At the level of the 2nd rib

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36
Q

What is the costal level of the inferior(lower) scapular angle?

A

At the level of the 7th rib

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37
Q

Write short notes on the lateral angle(glenoid cavity)

A

*shape-shallow
*function-for articulation of the head of the humerus to form
shoulder
*landmarks- MNEMONIC; ITS B or BITS
1)supraglenoid tubercle:for attachment of biceps
brachii muscle
2)infraglenoid tubercle:for attachment of triceps
brachii muscle

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38
Q

What is the shape of the lateral scapular angle(glenoid cavity)?

A

shallow

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39
Q

what is the function of the lateral scapular angle(glenoid cavity)?

A

for articulation of the head of the humerus to form shoulder

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40
Q

Define the brachial plexus

A

A network of nerve fibres that supplies the skin and musculature of the upper limbs

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41
Q

What is the location of brachial plexus?

A
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42
Q

What is the origin of the brachial plexus?

A
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43
Q

What are the components of the brachial plexus?

A
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44
Q

Draw a schematic presentation of the brachial plexus

A
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45
Q

Discuss formation of the brachial plexus

A
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46
Q

What is the location of the roots,trunks and division of the brachial plexus?

A

Lie in the posterior triangle of the neck

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47
Q

What is the location of the cords of the brachial plexus?

A

(1)Lie in the axilla
(2)Related to the axillary artery,being medial,lateral and posterior as per their name respectively.

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48
Q

Discuss formation of the roots of the brachial plexus

A
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49
Q

Discuss formation of the trunks of the brachial plexus

A
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50
Q

Discuss formation of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus

A

Formed by union of the upper two (C5-C6) roots

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51
Q

Discuss formation of the middle trunk of the brachial plexus

A

C7 continues as the middle trunk

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52
Q

Discuss formation of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus

A

Formed by union of the lower two (C8-T1) roots

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53
Q

Discuss formation of the divisions of the brachial plexus

A
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54
Q

What is the location of formation of divisions of brachial plexus?

A

Behind middle 1/3rd of the clavicle

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55
Q

What is the role of the anterior(ventral) cord in the formation of the divisions of brachial plexus?

A

It innervates the entire flexor compartment of U/L

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56
Q

Discuss formation of the cords of brachial plexus

A
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57
Q

Discuss formation of the lateral cord of the brachial

A

Formed by the union of the anterior (ventral) divisions of the upper and middle trunks

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58
Q

Discuss formation of the middle cord of the brachial
plexus

A

Continuation of the anterior (ventral) division of the lower trunk (C8-T1)

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59
Q

Discuss formation of the posterior cord of the brachial

A

Formed by the union of the posterior(dorsal)divisions of all 3 trunks (upper,middle and lower trunks)

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60
Q

What is the feature of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?

A

Has no contribution from anterior(ventral)division

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61
Q

Discuss formation of branches of brachial plexus

A

The cord give rise to major branches of the brachial plexus

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62
Q

Discuss formation of the prefixed plexus of the brachial plexus

A
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63
Q

Define prefixed plexus of brachial plexus

A

When a branch from C4-C5 contributes to the innervation of the glenohumeral and elbow flexor muscles

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64
Q

What is the feature of prefixed plexus of the brachial plexus?

A

Has no significant contribution from T1

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65
Q

Discuss formation of the post fixed plexus of brachial plexus

A

When muscular contribution from T2 to the brachial plexus occurs without a significant contribution from C5

66
Q

What is the feature of postfixed plexus of brachial plexus?

A

Has no significant contribution from C5

67
Q

What are the landmarks of the lateral scapular angle(glenoid cavity) and what are their functions?

68
Q

What are the landmarks of the lateral scapular angle(glenoid cavity)?

69
Q

What is the function of the infraglenoid tubercle of the lateral scapular angle(glenoid cavity)?

A

For the attachment of the long head of the triceps brachii muscle

70
Q

What is the function of the supraglenoid tubercle of the lateral scapular angle(glenoid cavity)?

A

For the attachment of the long head of biceps muscle

71
Q

Discuss borders of the scapula

72
Q

Discuss landmarks of the superior(upper) border?

73
Q

What’s is the location of the landmarks of the superior(upper)scapular border?

A

On the lateral end of the superior(upper)scapular border

74
Q

Discuss the coracoid process

75
Q

What is the location of the coracoid process of the scapula?

A

(1)Projects anterolaterally
(2)Positioned directly inferior to the lateral part of the clavicle

76
Q

What is the relation of the coracoid process to the clavicle?

A

Positioned directly inferior to the lateral part of the clavicle

77
Q

What is the shape of the coracoid process?

A

Hook-like structure

78
Q

Discuss Suprascapular notch

A

-Location:Immediately medial to the root of the coracoid process
-Size:Small

79
Q

What is the location of the Suprascapular notch?

A

Immediately medial to the root of coracoid process

80
Q

What is the size of the Suprascapular notch?

81
Q

Discuss surfaces of the scapula

82
Q

Discuss the posterior(dorsal)surface of the scapula

83
Q

What is the other name of the suprascapular fossa?

A

Supraspinous fossa

84
Q

What is the size of the suprascapular(supraspinous) fossa?

85
Q

What is the function of the suprascapular(supraspinous)fossa?

A

Attachment of the supraspinatus muscle

86
Q

What is the size of the infrascapular(infraspinous)fossa?

A

Much larger

87
Q

What is the function of the infrascapular(infraspinous)fossa?

A

Attachment of the infraspinatous muscle

88
Q

What is the other name of the anterior surface of the scapula?

A

(1)Ventral scapular surface or ventral surface of scapula
(2)Costal scapular surface or costal surface of scapula

89
Q

Discuss the anterior surface of the scapula

90
Q

What is the shape of the subscapular fossa?

A

Shallow+concave

91
Q

What is the function of the subscapular fossa?

A

Attachment of the subscapularis muscle moving freely over the underlying thoracic wall

92
Q

Discuss processes of scapula

93
Q

what are the landmarks of the lateral scapular angle(glenoid cavity)?

A

MNEMONIC; ITS B or BITS
(1) Infraglenoid tubercle- for attachment of the long head of Triceps brachii muscle
(2) Supraglenoid tubercle- for attachment of the long head of Biceps brachii muscle

94
Q

What muscle attaches to the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula?

A

Long head of triceps brachii muscle

95
Q

What muscle attaches to the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula?

A

Long head of biceps brachii muscle

96
Q

Write short notes on borders of the scapula

97
Q

Write short notes on the superior (upper) border of the scapula

98
Q

What is the location of the coracoid process of the scapula?

A

(1) Projects anterolaterally
(2) Positioned directly inferior to the lateral part of the clavicle

99
Q

What is the shape of the coracoid process?

A

Hook like structure

100
Q

What is the location of the suprascapular notch?

A

Immediately medial to the root of the coracoid process

101
Q

What is the function of the suprascapular notch?

A

The site of entry of the suprascapular nerve into the supraspinatus fossa

N.B; for reading only
This notch is converted into a foramen by the suprascapular ligament, and serves for the passage of the suprascapular nerve.The suprascapular vessels vary in number as well as in their course as they run at the suprascapular notch site. The suprascapular artery pass above the suprascapular ligament in most cases. The suprascapular vein may pass through the suprascapular notch or it may instead pass superior to the suprascapular ligament.)

102
Q

What is the size of suprascapular notch?

103
Q

Write short notes on the surfaces of the scapula

104
Q

What is the landmark of the posterior (dorsal) surface the scapula?

105
Q

What is the other name of the suprascapular fossa?

A

Supraspinous fossa

106
Q

What is the size of the suprascapular fossa?

107
Q

What is the function of the suprascapular fossa?

A

Attachment of the supraspinatus muscle

108
Q

What is the other name of the infrascapular fossa?

A

Infraspinous fossa

109
Q

What is the size of the infrascapular fossa?

A

Much larger

110
Q

What is the function of the infrascapular fossa?

A

Attachment of the infraspinatous muscle

111
Q

What is the landmark of the anterior (ventral or costal) surface of the scapula?

112
Q

What is the shape of the subscapular fossa?

A

Shallow + concave

113
Q

What is the function of the subscapular fossa?

A

Attachment of the subscapularis muscle moving freely over the underlying thoracic wall

114
Q

Write short notes on the processes of the scapula

115
Q

What is the location of the acromion?

A

(1) Anterolateral projection of the spine
(2) Arches over the glenohumeral joint

116
Q

What is the main feature of the acromion?

117
Q

Write short notes on the fossae of the scapula?

118
Q

What is the location of the subclavian artery?

A

Subclavian area(i.e.,under the clavicle)

119
Q

What is the origin of the subclavian artery?

A

Rt—Brachiocephalic (Innominate) trunk or artery when it divides into subclavian and common carotid arteries
Lt—Arch of the aorta as a direct branch

120
Q

What is the origin of the Rt subclavian artery?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk or artery when it divides into Subclavian and common carotid arteries

121
Q

What is the origin of the Lt subclavian artery?

A

Arch of the aorta as a direct branch

122
Q

What is the course of the subclavian artery?

A

(1) The subclavian artery runs an arched course
. In the root of the neck
. In front of the apex of the lung
(2) The subclavian artery travels superolaterally towards the axilla
(3) The subclavian artery passes between the scalene anterior and medius muscles
. Deep or posterior to scalenus anterior
. Superficial or anterior to scalenus medius
(4) As The subclavian artery crosses the outer (lateral) border of the 1st rib it is renamed the axillary artery
(5) At this point it is superficial and within the subclavian triangle

123
Q

What is the relation between the subclavian artery and the axilla?

A

(1) The subclavian artery travels superolaterally towards the axilla
(2) As The subclavian artery crosses the outer (lateral) border of the 1st rib it is renamed the axillary artery
(3) At this point it is superficial and within the subclavian triangle

124
Q

What is the direction or shape of the the course of the subclavian artery?

A

The subclavian artery runs an arched course
. In the root of the neck
. In front of the apex of the lung

125
Q

What are the muscles related to the subclavian artery?

A

The subclavian artery passes between the scalene anterior and medius muscles
. Deep or posterior to scalenus anterior
. Superficial or anterior to scalenus medius

126
Q

What is the relation between the subclavian artery and the scalenus anterior and medius muscles?

A

The subclavian artery passes between the scalene anterior and medius muscles
. Deep or posterior to scalenus anterior
. Superficial or anterior to scalenus medius

127
Q

What is the relation of between the subclavian artery and scalenus anterior muscle?

A

The subclavian artery is deep or posterior to scalenus anterior muscle

128
Q

What is the relation between the subclavian artery and the scalenus medius muscle?

A

The subclavian artery is superficial or anterior to the scalenus medius muscle

129
Q

What is the relation between the subclavian artery and the 1st rib?

A

. The upper surface of the 1st rib is posterior to the
subclavian artery
. As the subclavian artery crosses the outer (lateral)
border of the 1st rib it enters the axilla is renamed
the axillary artery

130
Q

What is the relation between the subclavian artery and the subclavian triangle?

A

(1) As The subclavian artery crosses the outer (lateral) border of the 1st rib
it enters the axilla is renamed the axillary artery
(2) At this point it is superficial and within the subclavian triangle

131
Q

What is the effect of scalenus anterior muscle on the subclavian artery?

A

Scalenus anterior muscle divides the subclavian artery into 3 parts based on the position of the subclavian artery to the muscle:-
(1) 1st part (prescalene) — medial to scalenus anterior = from the origin to the medial border of the muscle
(2) 2nd part (retroscalene) — behind or posterior to scalenus anterior
(3) 3rd part (postscalene) — lateral to scalenus anterior = from the lateral border of the muscle to the outer border of the 1st rib

                                                         where it enters the axilla and is renamed the axillary artery
132
Q

What is the other name of the 1st part of the subclavian artery?

A

Prescalene

133
Q

What is the location of the 1st part of the subclavian artery?

A

prescalene — medial to scalenus anterior = from the origin to the medial border of the muscle

134
Q

What is the other name of the 2nd part of the subclavian artery?

A

Retroscalene or Costocervical part

135
Q

What is the location of the 2nd part of the subclavian artery?

A

retroscalene — behind or posterior to scalenus anterior

136
Q

What is the other name of the 3rd part of the subclavian artery?

A

Postscalene

137
Q

What is the location of the 3rd part of the subclavian artery?

A

postscalene — lateral to scalenus anterior = from the lateral border of the
muscle to the outer (lateral) border of the 1st rib where it enters the axilla and is renamed the axillary artery

138
Q

What is the location where the subclavian artery ends and what happens to it at this point?

A

(1) At the outer(lateral) border of the 1st rib the subclavian artery
enters the axilla and is renamed the axillary artery
(2) At this point, it is superficial and within the subclavian triangle

139
Q

At what anatomical point the subclavian artery is converted into axillary artery?

A

At the outer (lateral) border of the 1st rib

140
Q

What are the branches of the 3 parts of the subclavian artery?

A

Mnemonic; VIT C & D

1st part — 1st branch = Vertebral artery
2nd branch = Internal thoracic (mammary) artery
3rd branch = Thyrocervical trunk (mnemonic; IS/T or ITS or SIT)
. Inferior thyroid artery
. Suprascapular artery
. Transverse cervical artery
2nd part — Costocervical trunk (mnemonic; SD اختصار السودان بالانجليزي )
. Superior intercostal artery
— which gives the upper 2 intercostal arteries
— the rest of the intercostal arteries arise from
the aorta
. Deep cervical artery
3rd part — No branches but rarely gives the dorsal (descending) scapular (Almatary; cervical ) artery

141
Q

What are the branches of the 1st part of the subclavian artery?

A

1st branch = Vertebral artery
2nd branch = Internal thoracic (mammary) artery
3rd branch = Thyrocervical trunk (mnemonic; IS/T or ITS or SIT)
. Inferior thyroid artery
. Suprascapular artery
. Transverse cervical artery

142
Q

What are the branches of the 2nd part of the subclavian artery?

A

Costocervical trunk (mnemonic; SD اختصار السودان بالانجليزي )
. Superior intercostal artery
— which gives the upper 2 intercostal arteries
— the rest of the intercostal arteries arise from the aorta
. Deep cervical artery

143
Q

What are the branches of the 3rd part of the subclavian artery?

A

No branches but rarely gives the dorsal (descending) scapular (Almatary; cervical ) artery

144
Q

What is the 1st branch of the subclavian artery?

A

Vertebral artery

145
Q

What is the 2nd branch of the subclavian artery?

A

Internal thoracic (mammary) artery

146
Q

What is the 3rd branch of the subclavian artery?

A

Thyrocervical trunk (mnemonic; IS/T or ITS or SIT)
(1) Inferior thyroid artery
(2) Suprascapular artery
(3) Transverse cervical artery

147
Q

What is the 4th branch of the subclavian artery?

A

Costocervical trunk (mnemonic; SD اختصار السودان بالانجليزي )
(1) Superior intercostal artery
— which gives the upper 2 intercostal arteries
— the rest of the intercostal arteries arise from the aorta
(2) Deep cervical artery

148
Q

What is the 5th branch of the subclavian artery?

A

Dorsal (descending) scapular (Almatary; cervical) artery :—
It is rarely given by the 3rd part of the subclavian artery which usually has no branches

149
Q

What is the surface anatomy of the subclavian artery?

A

A line arching upward from the Sternoclavicular joint to 2 cm above the middle of the clavicle

150
Q

What are the relations of the subclavian artery?

151
Q

What are the relations of the 1st part of the subclavian artery?

152
Q

What are the relations of the 1st part of the subclavian artery?

153
Q

What are the relations of the 2nd part of subclavian artery?

154
Q

What are the relations of the 3rd part of the subclavian artery?

155
Q

What is the surgical significance of the subclavian artery?

156
Q

How to surgically expose the subclavian artery?

157
Q

Discuss dysphagia lusoria

158
Q

Discuss cervical rib

159
Q

What is the effect of the subclavian artery obstruction ?

160
Q

What is the effect of the cervical rib on the subclavian artery?

161
Q

Discuss subclavian steal syndrome

Anatomy For The MRCS Part A (14 decks)

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