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Anatomy For The MRCS Part A > Head And Neck Anatomy(miscellaneous) > Flashcards

Head And Neck Anatomy(miscellaneous) Flashcards

1
Q

Define the skull

A

A bony structure

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2
Q

What is the classification of the bones of the skull?

A
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3
Q

What is the function of the skull?

A

(1) supports the face
(2) forms a protective cavity for the brain

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4
Q

What is the structure of the skull?

A

It is comprised of many bones,which are:-
(1) formed by intramembranous ossification
(2) joined by sutures (fibrous joints)

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5
Q

What is the other name of the cranium?

A

Neurocranium

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6
Q

Define the cranium

A

Formed by the superior aspect of the skull

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7
Q

What is the function of the cranium?

A

It encloses and protects the(Mnemonic;MBC)
(1) meninges
(2) brain
(3) cerebral vasculature

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8
Q

What are the anatomical subdivisions of the cranium?

A

1st/ Cranial roof (aka; calvarium)
comprised of the following bones (Mnemonic;FO2):-
(1)frontal bone
(2)occipital bone
(3)2 parietal bones

2nd/ Cranial base
-comprised of the following bones:-
(1) frontal bones
(2) ethmoid bones
(3) sphenoid bones
(4) occipital bones
(5) temporal bones
(6) parietal bones
-these bones articulate with the:-
(1) 1st cervical vertebrae (atlas)
(2) facial bones
(3) mandible (jaw)

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9
Q

What are the bones that form the cranial roof(calvarium)

A

comprised of the following bones(Mnemonic;FO2):-
(1)frontal bone
(2)occipital bone
(3)2 parietal bones

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10
Q

What are the bones that form the cranial base?

A

comprised of the following bones:-
(1) frontal bones
(2) ethmoid bones
(3) sphenoid bones
(4) occipital bones
(5) temporal bones
(6) parietal bones

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11
Q

What are the structures that the bones of the cranial base articulate with?

A

these bones articulate with the:-
Mnemonic;1st FM
(1) 1st cervical vertebrae (atlas)
(2) facial bones
(3) mandible (jaw)

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12
Q

Discuss pterion

A

Definition: a junction

Shape: H-shaped

Location: a junction between the
Mnemonic; TWO SPECIFIC PARIETAL FRACTURES
(1) Temporal bone
(2) Sphenoid bone
(3) Parietal bone
(4) Frontal bone

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13
Q

Define pterion

A

A junction

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14
Q

What is the other name of the cranial roof?

A

Calvarium

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15
Q

What is the shape of the pterion?

A

H-shaped

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16
Q

What is the location of the pterion?

A

A junction between the
Mnemonic; TWO SPECIFIC PARIETAL FRACTURES
(1) temporal bone
(2) parietal bone
(3) frontal bone
(4) sphenoid bone

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17
Q

What is the clinical significance of the pterion?

A
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18
Q

What are the bones that form the pterion?

A

Mnemonic; TWO SPECIFIC PARIETAL FRACTURES

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19
Q

What are the typical causes of cranial fractures?

A

Typically arise from:-
(1) blunt force OR
(2) penetrating trauma

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20
Q

What is the anatomical part of clinical importance when considering cranial fractures? and why?

A

The pterion, because it is a weak area of the skull,where the anterior middle meningeal artery is at risk of damage

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21
Q

What is the anatomical structure that might be injured in fractures involving the pterion and what is the sequale?

A

The anterior middle meningeal artery (aka,frontal branch of the middle meningeal artery), causing blood to accumulate between the skull and the dura matter ,forming an extra dural haematoma.

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22
Q

What is the other name of the face or facial skeleton?

A

Viscerocranium

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23
Q

What is the function of the face or facial skeleton?

A

Supports the soft tissue of the face

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24
Q

What is the number of bones of the facial skeleton?

A

14 bones

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25
Q

What is the function of the bones of the face or facial skeleton?

A

They fuse to house the(Mnemonic;SOON)
(1) orbits of the eyes
(2) nasal cavity
(3) oral cavity
(4) sinuses

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26
Q

What is the other name for the facial bones?

A

Bones of the facial skeleton

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27
Q

Enumerate the facial bones

A

Mnemonic;Zaman Laily Night In PM Very Moony

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28
Q

Discuss zygomatic bone very briefly

A

Function
Forms the cheek bones of the face

Articulates with the (Mnemonic;FSTM على وزن سستم)
(1) Frontal bone
(2) Sphenoid bone
(3) Temporal bone
(4) Maxilla bone

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29
Q

How many zygomatic bones are there in the facial bones?

A

2

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30
Q

What is the function of the zygomatic bone?

A

Forms the cheek bones of the face

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31
Q

Enumerate the bones with which the zygomatic bone articulates?

A

Articulates with the (Mnemonic;FSTM على وزن سستم)
(1) Frontal bone
(2) Sphenoid bone
(3) Temporal bone
(4) Maxilla bone

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32
Q

Discuss zygomatic arch fracture

A

Aetiology
Trauma to the side of the face

Clinical features
Displaced fractures can damage the nearby infra orbital nerve leading to ipsilateral parasthaesia of the cheek,nose and lips

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33
Q

What is the aetiology of the zygomatic arch fracture?

A

Trauma to the side of the face

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34
Q

What is the clinical features of the zygomatic arch fracture?

A

Displaced fractures can damage the nearby infra orbital nerve leading to ipsilateral parasthaesia of the cheek,nose and lips

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35
Q

What is nerve injured by displaced zygomatic arch fracture?

A

Infraorbital nerve leading to ipsilateral parasthaesia of the cheek,nose and lips

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36
Q

What is the sequelae of the infraorbital nerve injury by displaced zygomatic arch fractures?

A

Ipsilateral paraesthesia of the cheek,nose and lip

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37
Q

Discuss lacrimal bones very briefly

A

(1) the smallest bones of the face
(2) they form part of the medial wall of the orbit

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38
Q

How many lacrimal bones are there in the facial bones?

A

2

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39
Q

What is the feature of the lacrimal bones?

A

They are the smallest bones of the face

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40
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal bones?

A

They form part of the medial wall of the orbit

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41
Q

Discuss the nasal bones very briefly

A

+Shape: slender
+Location: at the bridge of the nose

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42
Q

What is the shape of the nasal bones?

A

Slender

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43
Q

What is the location of the nasal bones?

A

At the bridge of the nose

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44
Q

How many nasal bones are there in the facial bones?

A

2

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45
Q

Discuss nasal bones fractures very briefly

A

Incidence: the most common facial fractures

Risk factor: due to the prominent position of the nasal
bones at the bridge of the nose

C/P: (1) significant soft tissue swelling
(2) epistaxis

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46
Q

What is the incidence of nasal bones fractures?

A

the most common facial fractures

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47
Q

What is the risk factor of the nasal bone fractures?

A

due to the prominenet position of the nasal bones at the bridge of the nose

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48
Q

What are the clinical features of the nasal bones fractures?

A

(1) significant soft tissue swelling
(2) epistaxis

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49
Q

Discus inferior nasal conchae very briefly

A

+location
within the nasal cavity

+Function
these bones increase the surface area of the nasal cavity,thus increasing the amount of inspired air that can come into contact with cavity walls.

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50
Q

What is the location of the inferior nasal chonchea

A

within the nasal cavity

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51
Q

How many inferior nasal chonchae are there in the facial bones?

A

2

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52
Q

What is the function of the inferior nasal chonchae?

A

these bones increase the surface area of the nasal cavity,thus increasing the amount of inspired air that can come into contact with cavity walls.

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53
Q

discuss the palatine bone very briefly

A

+Location
at the rear of oral cavity

+Function
forms part of the hard palate

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54
Q

How many palatine bones are there in the facial bones?

A

2

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55
Q

What is the location of the palatine bone?

A

at the rear of oral cavity

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56
Q

What is the function of the palatine bone?

A

forms part of the had palate

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57
Q

How many maxilla bones are there in the facial bones?

A

2

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58
Q

What are the parts of the maxilla?

A

comprises part of the
(1) Upper jaw
(2) Hard palate

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59
Q

Discus maxillary fracture very briefly

A

+Aetiology
high energy trauma

+Classification
Le fort classification ,ranging from 1 to 3

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60
Q

What is the aetiology of the maxillary fracture?

A

high energy trauma

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61
Q

What is the classification of the maxillary fracture?

A

Le Fort classification ,ranging from 1 to 3

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62
Q

How many vomer bones are there in the facial bones?

A

1

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63
Q

What is the function of the vomer?

A

forms the posterior aspect of the nasal septum

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64
Q

How many mandibular bones are there in the facial bones?

A

1

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65
Q

What is the location of the mandible?

A

inferiorly in the facial skeleton

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66
Q

What is the feature of the mandible?

A

the largest and strongest bone of the face

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67
Q

What is the function of the mandible?

A

(1) Forms the lower jaw
(2) Acts as a receptacle for the lower teeth

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68
Q

What is the anatomical part with which the mandible articulates with and where is that?

A

aticulates on either side with the temporal bone at the base of the cranium forming the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

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69
Q

What are the parts of the mandible?

A

(1) Body
(2) 2 rami
(3) mandibular angle

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70
Q

What is the shape of the body of the mandible?

A

Mnemonic;CASH

(1) Horizontal
(2) Anteriorly
(3) Curved
(4) Shaped much like a horseshoe

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71
Q

What are the borders of the body of the mandible?

A

(1) Alveolar border(superior)- contains 16 sockets to hold the lower teeth
(2) Base(inferior)- for the attachment of the diagastric muscle medially

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72
Q

How many sockets are there in the alveolar border (superior) of the mandibular body?

A

contains 16 sockets to hold the lower teeth

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73
Q

What is the significance of the alveolar border (superior) of the mandibular body?

A

contains 16 sockets to hold the lower teeth

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74
Q

What is the significance of the base (inferior) of the mandibular body?

A

for the attachment of the diagastric muscle medially

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75
Q

Which muscle is attached to the base (inferior) of the mandibular body and on which direction?

A

diagastric+medially

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76
Q

What are the surfaces of the body of the mandible?

A

(1) External (lateral) surface
(2) Internal (medial) surface

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77
Q

What are the markings of the body of the mandible?

A

Mnemonics; 3M

(1) Mandibular symphysis
(2) Mental protuberance
(3) Mental foramen

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78
Q

Discuss Mandibular symphysis

A

+Definition
a ridge of bone

+Size
small

+Location
in the midline of the body of the mandible

+Embryological significance
Represents the fusion of the two halves of the mandibular body during development

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79
Q

Define the mandibular symphysis

A

a ridge of bone

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80
Q

What is the size of the mandibular symphysis?

A

small

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81
Q

What is the location of the mandibular symphysis?

A

in the midline of the body of the mandible

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82
Q

What is the embryological significance of he mandibular symphysis?

A

Represents the fusion of the two halves of the mandibular body during development

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83
Q

Discuss the mental protuberance

A

+Definition
an eminence enclosed by the mandibular symphysis

+Shape
Triangular

+Function
Forms the shape of the chin

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84
Q

Define the mental protuberance

A

an eminence enclosed by the mandibular symphysis

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85
Q

What is the shape of the mental protuberance?

A

Triangular

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86
Q

What is the function of the mental protuberance?

A

Forms the shape of the chin

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87
Q

Discuss mental foramen

A

+Location
(1) On the internal surface of the mandibular ramus
(2) Lateral to the mental protuberance
(3) Below the 2nd premolar teeth on either side

+Function
(1) It allows the inferior alveolar nerve and artery to exit the mandibular canal.
(2) When the inferior alveolar nerve passes through the mental foramen,it
becomes the mental nerve(innervates the skin of the lower lip and the front
of the chin).

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88
Q

What is the location of the mental foramen?

A

(1) On the internal surface of the mandibular ramus
(2) Lateral to the mental protuberance
(3) Below the 2nd premolar teeth on either side

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89
Q

What is the function of the mental foramen?

A

(1) It allows the inferior alveolar nerve and artery to exit the mandibular canal.
(2) When the inferior alveolar nerve passes through the mental foramen,it
becomes the mental nerve(innervates the skin of the lower lip and the front
of the chin).

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90
Q

What happens to the inferior alveolar nerve when it passes through the mental foramen?

A

It becomes the mental nerve(innervates the skin of the lower lip and the front of the chin)

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91
Q

What part of the face is innervated by the mental nerve?

A

skin of the
(1) lower lip
(2) front of the chin

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92
Q

How many mandibular rami are there?

A

2

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93
Q

What is the location of the mandibular rami?

A

(1) vertical
(2) posteriorly
(3) project perpendicularly upwards from the angle of the mandible

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94
Q

What are the parts of the mandibular rami?

A
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95
Q

What is the location of the head of the mandibular rami?

A

situated posteriorly

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96
Q

What is the anatomical part of the cranium with which the head of mandibular rami articulates with?

A

articulates on either side with the temporal bone at the base of the cranium forming the temporomandibular joint(TMJ)

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97
Q

What is the function of the neck of the mandibular rami?

A

(1) supports the head of the mandibular ramus
(2) for attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle

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98
Q

What muscle attaches to the neck of the mandibular rami?

A

lateral pterygoid

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99
Q

What is the function of the coronoid process of the mandibular rami?

A

for attachment of the temporalis muscle

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100
Q

What muscle attaches to the coronoid process of the mandibular rami?

A

temporalis

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101
Q

Define the foramen in anatomy?

A

any opening through which neurovascular structures can travel

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102
Q

How many foramen are there in the mandible?

A

2

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103
Q

Name the foramen in the mandible

A

(1) Mandibular foramen
(2) Mental foramen

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104
Q

Discuss mandibular foramen

A

+Location
on the internal surface of the mandibular ramus

+Function
It serves as a conduit for the inferior alveolar nerve and inferior alveolar artery. They travel through the mandibular foramen, into the mandibular canal, and exit at the mental foramen.

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105
Q

What is the location of the mandibular foramen?

A

on the internal surface of the mandibular ramus

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106
Q

What is the function of the mandibular foramen?

A

It serves as a conduit for the inferior alveolar nerve and inferior alveolar artery. They travel through the mandibular foramen, into the mandibular canal, and exit at the mental foramen.

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107
Q

Discuss the muscular attachments to different parts of the mandible

A
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108
Q

What are the muscular attachments of the mandibular body?

A

1st/ External (lateral) surface;
Mnemonic;Men Bodies Placed Deeply Down
(1) Mentalis
(2) Buccinator
(3) Platysma
(4) Depressor labii inferioris
(5) Depressor anguli oris

2nd/Internal (medial) surface;
Mnemonic;Go Go My Darling
(1) Genioglossus
(2) Geniohyoid
(3) Mylohyoid
(4) Digastric

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109
Q

What are the muscular attachments of the external (lateral) surface of the mandibular body?

A

Mnemonic;Men Bodies Placed Deeply Down
(1) Mentalis
(2) Buccinator
(3) Platysma
(4) Depressor labii inferioris
(5) Depressor anguli oris

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110
Q

What are the muscular attachments of the internal (medial) surface of the mandibular body?

A

Mnemonic;Go Go My Darling
(1) Genioglossus
(2) Geniohyoid
(3) Mylohyoid
(4) Digastric

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111
Q

What are the muscular attachments of the mandibular rami?

A

Mnemonic; MTML

(1) Masseter: attaches to the mandibular rami on each side
(2) Temporalis: attaches to the coronoid process
(3) Medial pterygoid: inserts into the mandibular ramus near the angle of the
mandible
(4) Lateral pterygoid: inserts into the neck of the mandible

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112
Q

What are the four most common facial fracture type?

A

Mnemonic;Zimmermann Neilsen Media Man
(1) Zygomatic fracture
(2) Nasal fracture
(3) Maxillary fracture
(4) Mandibular fracture

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113
Q

What is the incidence of fractures of the facial skeleton?

A

Relatively common

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114
Q

What is the aetiology of fractures of the facial skeleton?

A

(1) RTA
(2) Fist fights
(3) Falls

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115
Q

Discuss mandibular fracture very briefly

A

+Location
(1) Often bilateral
(2) Rarely occurs in isolation:
Much like fractures of the pelvic brim, a fracture on one side is frequently associated with a fracture on the
contralateral side.Therefore, if one fracture is observed, another should be searched for.
For example, a fractured neck of the mandible is often observed in conjunction with a fracture of the contralateral mandibular body.

+Aetiology
(1) Direct- at the side of trauma
(2) Indirect- at the contralateral side due to transmitted forces

+Clinical features
1st/General features:
(1) Pain at the fracture site
(2) Malocclusion- misalignment of the teeth
2nd/Specific features of fractures related to an anatomical site
- Fractures of the coronoid process: (1) Uncommon
(2) Usually singular
- Fractures of th neck of the mandible:
(1) Often transverse
(2) Usually accompanied with dislocation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
- Fractures of the angle of the mandible:
(1) Usually oblique
(2) May involve the alveolus of 3rd molar teeth
- Fractures of the body of the mandible: frequently pass through the canine
tooth

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116
Q

What is the location of the mandibular fracture?

A

(1) Often bilateral
(2) Rarely occurs in isolation:
Much like fractures of the pelvic brim, a fracture on one side is
requently associated with a fracture on the contralateral side.
Therefore, if one fracture is observed, another should be searched for.
For example, a fractured neck of the mandible is often observed in
conjunction with a fracture of the contralateral mandibular body.

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117
Q

What is the aetiology of the mandibular fracture?

A

(1) Direct- at the side of trauma
(2) Indirect- at the contralateral side due to transmitted forces

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118
Q

What is the direct aetiology of the mandibular fracture?

A

at the side of trauma

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119
Q

What is the indirect aetilogy of the mandibuar fracture?

A

at the contralateral side due to transmitted forces

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120
Q

What are the clinical features of the mandibular fracture?

A

1st/General features: (1) Pain at the fracture site
(2) Malocclusion- misalignment of the teeth
2nd/Fractures related to the anatomical sites
- fractures of the coronoid process: (1) Uncommon
(2) Usually singular
- Fractures of th neck of the mandible: (1) Often transverse
(2) Usually accompanied with dislocation
of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
- Fractures of the angle of the mandible: (1) Usually oblique
(2) May involve the alveolus of the 3rd
molar
- Fractures of the body of the mandible: frequently pass through the canine
tooth

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121
Q

What are the general clinical features of the mandibular fractures?

A

(1) Pain at the fracture site
(2) Malocclusion- misalignment of the teeth

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122
Q

Define malocclusion and what is the cause?

A

Misalignment of the teeth+occurs in mandibular fracture

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123
Q

What are the specific features of fractures related to anatomical sites of the mandible?

A
  • fractures of the coronoid process: (1) Uncommon
    (2) Usually singular
  • Fractures of th neck of the mandible: (1) Often transverse
    (2) Usually accompanied with dislocation
    of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
  • Fractures of the angle of the mandible: (1) Usually oblique
    (2) May involve the alveolus of the 3rd
    molar
  • Fractures of the body of the mandible: frequently pass through the canine
    tooth
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124
Q

What are the specific features of the fractures of the coronoid process?

A

(1) Uncommon
(2) Usually singular

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125
Q

What are the specific features of the fractures of the neck of the mandible?

A

(1) Often transverse
(2) Usually accompanied with dislocation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

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126
Q

What are the specific features of the fractures of the angle of the mandible?

A

(1) Usually oblique
(2) May involve the alveolus of the 3rd molar

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127
Q

What are the specific features of the fractures of the body of the mandible?

A

frequently pass through the canine tooth

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128
Q

Define the frontal bone of the skull

A

(1) one of the 8 bones that make up the cranium
(2) the superior aspect of the skull

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129
Q

What is the origin of the name frontal bone in latin?

A

derived from the latin (frons), meaning forehead

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130
Q

What the function of the frontal bone in general?

A

(1) encloses and protects the brain
(2) forms the anterosuperior aspect of the cranium

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131
Q

What the shape of the frontal bone in general?

A

(1) Unpaired
(2) Shell-shaped

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132
Q

How many parts form the frontal bone?

A

4

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133
Q

What are the 4 parts that form the frontal bone?

A

consists of 4 parts:(Mnemonic; SON)
(1) Squamous
(2) Orbital (x2)
(3) Nasal

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134
Q

What is the feature of the squamous part of the frontal bone?

A

the largest component of the frontal bone

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135
Q

What is the largest component of the frontal bone?

A

squamous part

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136
Q

What are the parts of the squamous part of the frontal bone?

A

1st/Surfaces
(1) External surface
(2) Internal surface: 1)Sagital sulcus
2)Frontal crest
3)Groove for the anterior meningeal artery

2nd/Frontal sinuses
(1) Anterior plate or table
(2) Posterior plate or table
3rd/Supraorbital margin or border
4th/Supraorbital foramen

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137
Q

Discuss the external surface of the squamous part of the frontal bone?

A

+Shape: Convex
+Function: Forms the shape of the forehead

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138
Q

What is the shape of the external surface of the squamous part of the frontal bone?

A

convex

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139
Q

What is the function of the external surface of the squamous part of the frontal bone?

A

Forms the shape of the forehead

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140
Q

What are the features of the internal surface of the squamous part of the frontal bone?

A
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141
Q

Discuss sagittal sulcus of the internal surface of the squamous bone very briefly

A

+Definition: a groove
+ Shape: vertical
+ Location: in the midline of the frontal bone
+ Contents: superior sagittal sinus

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142
Q

What is the definition of sagittal sulcus of the internal surface of the squamous bone

A

a groove

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143
Q

What is the shape of sagittal sulcus of the internal surface of the squamous bone

A

Vertical

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144
Q

What is the location of sagittal sulcus of the internal surface of the squamous bone

A

In the midline of the frontal bone

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145
Q

What are the contents of sagittal sulcus of the internal surface of the squamous bone

A

superior sagittal sinus

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146
Q

Discuss frontal crest of the internal surface of the squamous part of frontal bone

A

+Definition: extension of the sagittal sulcus edges
+Function: forms an attachment for the falx cerebri

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147
Q

Define frontal crest of the internal surface of the squamous part of frontal bone

A

(1) a body ridge projecting upward
(2) extension of the sagittal sulcus edges

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148
Q

What is the location of the frontal crest of the internal surface of the squamous part of frontal bone

A

Midline of the frontal bone

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149
Q

What is the function of the frontal crest of the internal surface of the squamous part of frontal bone

A

forms an attachment for the falx cerebri

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150
Q

How the falx cerebri is related to the frontal crest of the squamous part of frontal bone?

A

The falx cerebri also forms part of its attachments with the frontal crest of the internal surface the squamous part of the frontal bone.

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151
Q

Discuss the frontal sinuses of the frontal bone

A

+ Location
(1) Housed by the squamous part of the frontal bone
(2) Above the orbits
(3) Either side of the midline of the face

+Structure
Separated by a septum

+Parts
(1)Anterior plate
(2)Posterior plate

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152
Q

What is the location of the frontal sinuses of the frontal bone?

A

(1) Housed by the squamous part of the frontal bone
(2) Above the orbits
(3) Either side of the midline of the face

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153
Q

What is the structure of the frontal sinuses of the frontal bone?

A

separated by a septum

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154
Q

What are the parts of the frontal sinuses of the frontal bone?

A

(1)Anterior plate
(2)Posterior plate

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155
Q

What is the function of the supraorbital margin of the squamous part of frontal bone

A

(1) Separates the squamous part of the frontal bone from its orbital part
(2) Contains the supraorbital foramen

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156
Q

Discuss the supraorbital foramen of the squamous part of the frontal bone?

A

+Location: contained within the supraorbital margin or border
+Contents: supraorbital vessels and nerves

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157
Q

What is the location of the supraorbital foramen of the squamous part of the frontal bone?

A

contained within the supraorbital margin or border

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158
Q

What are the contents of the supraorbital foramen of the squamous part of the frontal bone?

A

supraorbital vessels and nerves

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159
Q

How many orbital parts of the frontal bone are there?

A

2

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160
Q

Define the orbital part of the frontal bone?

A

A plate

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161
Q

What is the shape of the orbital part of frontal bone?

A

(1) Triangular shaped
(2) Flat

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162
Q

What is the location of the orbital part of frontal bone?

A

Extends posteriorly from the supraorbital margin or border of the squamous part of frontal bone

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163
Q

What is the function of the orbital part of frontal bone?

A

forms the roof(superior border) of the orbit

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164
Q

What is the parts of the orbital part of frontal bone?

A

(1) Anterolateral portion (lacrimal fossa): where the lacrimal gland sits
(2) Anteromedial portion (trochlear fossa): for attachment of the cartilaginous pulley of the superior oblique muscle

165
Q

What is the other name for the anterolateral portion of the orbital part of frontal bone?

A

lacrimal fossa

166
Q

What is the function of the anterolateral portion of the orbital part of frontal bone?

A

where the lacrimal gland sits

167
Q

What is the other name for the anteromedial portion of the orbital part of frontal bone?

A

(1) Trochlear fossa
(2) Trochlea of the superior oblique muscle

168
Q

What is the other name for the trochlear fossa of the orbital part of frontal bone?

A

(1) Anteromedial portion of the orbital part of frontal bone
(2) Trochlea of the superior oblique muscle

169
Q

What is the function of the anteromedial portion of the orbital part of frontal bone?

A

for attachment of the cartilaginous pulley of superior oblique muscle(named the ‘trochlea’ of the superior oblique muscle)

170
Q

What is the attachment of the trochlear fossa of the orbital part of frontal bone?

A

for attachment of the cartilaginous pulley of superior oblique muscle(named the ‘trochlea’ of the superior oblique muscle)

171
Q

What is the size of the nasal part of the frontal bone?

A

small area

172
Q

What is the location of the nasal part of the frontal bone?

A

Projects inferiorly between the supraorbital margins or borders of the squamous part of frontal bone

173
Q

What is the function of the nasal part of frontal bone?

A

Serves as an area of articulation for the:
(1) Nasal bones and
(2) Frontal processes of the maxilla

174
Q

What is the marking of the nasal part of frontal bone?

A

Nasal spine

175
Q

Discuss Nasal spine of nasal part of the frontal bone

A

+Location: Protrudes from the central portion
+Function: Supports the bridge of the nose

176
Q

What is the location of the nasal spine of the nasal part of frontal bone?

A

protrudes from the central portion

177
Q

What is the function of the nasal spine of the nasal part of frontal bone?

A

supports the bridge of the nose

178
Q

Discuss muscular attachments of the frontal bone

A

no specific muscular attachment to the frontal bone

179
Q

Discuss frontal bone articulations

A
180
Q

How many bones of the skull articulate with the frontal bone?

A

12

181
Q

What are the unpaired bones of the skull that articulate with the frontal bone?

A

(1) Ethmoid
(2) Sphenoid

182
Q

What are the paired bones of the skull that articulate with the frontal bone?

A

Mnemonic; لن ننسى زمانا مر بنا
(1) Lacrimal
(2) Nasal
(3) Zygomatic
(4) Maxilla
(5) Parietal

183
Q

Discuss frontal sinusitis very briefly

A

+Definition: Inflammation of the frontal sinus
+Incidence: Relatively common
+Aetiology: Infection
+Complication:
If untreated,infection can spread to the surrounding structures in the orbit or cranial cavity,leading to:-
(1) Orbital celulitis
(2) Epidural and subdural abscesses
(3) Meningitis

184
Q

Define frontal sinusitis

A

Inflammation of the frontal sinus

185
Q

What is the incidence of frontal sinusitis in general?

A

Relatively common

186
Q

What is the aetiology of the of the frontal sinusitis?

A

Infection

187
Q

What are the complications of frontal sinusitis?

A

If untreated,infection can spread to the surrounding structures in the orbit or cranial cavity,leading to:-
(1) Orbital celulitis
(2) Epidural and subdural abscesses
(3) Meningitis

188
Q

Discuss frontal sinus fracture very briefly

A

+Aetiology: (1) MVA
(2) Falls

+C/P:
(1)Anterior table of the skull disruption: Frontal depression(the characteristic
clinical sign)
(2)Posterior table of the skull disruption: clear CSF leak due to dura matter
rupture

189
Q

What is the aetiology of the frontal sinus fracture?

A

(1) MVA
(2) Falls

190
Q

What is the clinical picture of frontal sinus fracture?

A

(1)Anterior table of the skull disruption: Frontal depression(the characteristic clinical sign)
(2)Posterior table of the skull disruption: clear CSF leak due to dura matter rupture

191
Q

Define the ethmoid bone?

A

one of the 8 bones of the cranium

192
Q

What is the origin of the word ethmoid?

A

originates from the Greek ‘ethmos’, meaning sieve

193
Q

What is the location of the ethmoid bone?

A

(1) in the midline of the anterior cranium – the superior aspect of the skull that encloses and protects the brain.
(2) at the roof of the nasal cavity
(3) between the two orbital cavities

194
Q

What is the size of the ethmoid bone?

A

small

195
Q

How many ethmoid bones are there in the skull?

A

1 (unpaired)

196
Q

What are the functions of the ethmoid bone?

A

Forms the following:
(1) Medial wall of the orbit
(2) Part of the anterior cranial fossa, where it
separates the nasal cavity (inferiorly) from the
cranial cavity(superiorly)
(3) A significant portion of the: 1) Nasal septum
2) Lateral nasal wall

197
Q

What is the anatomical structure that is closely related to the ethmoid bone?What is its function in the ethmoid bone?

A

The olfactory nerve as its numerous nerve fibres pass through the cripriform plate of the ethmoid bone to innervate the nasal cavity with the sense of smell

198
Q

What is the nerve that is closely related to the ethmoid bone?What is its function in the ethmoid bone?

A

The olfactory nerve as its numerous nerve fibres pass through the cripriform plate of the ethmoid bone to innervate the nasal cavity with the sense of smell

199
Q

What are the parts of the ethmoid bone?

A

Mnemonic;CPE

(1) Cribriform plate
(2) Perpendicular plate
(3) Ethmoidal labyrinth

200
Q

Discuss cribriform plate?

A
201
Q

Define the cribriform plate

A

A sheet of bone

202
Q

What is the location of the cribriform plate?

A

On either side of the crista galli

203
Q

What is the shape of the cribriform plate?

A

Sieve like-because it is pierced by
numerous olfactory nerve fibres

204
Q

What the reason behind the sieve-like shape of the cribriform plate?

A

because it is pierced by numerous olfactory nerve fibres

205
Q

What is the characteristic feature of the cribriform plate?

A

The thinnest part of the anterior cranial fossa and therefore most likely to fracture

206
Q

What is the function of the cribriform plate?

A
207
Q

What are the types of the cribriform plate foramina?what are the structures that are transmitted by these foramina?

A
208
Q

What are the structures transmitted by the small cribriform plate foramina and into what place?

A

Olfactory nerve into the nasal cavity

209
Q

What is the name of the larger cribriform plate foramina?

A

2 larger foramina:
(1) Anterior ethmoidal foramen-for anterior ethmoidal vessels and nerve
(2) Posterior ethmoidal foramen-for posterior ethmoidal vessels and nerve

210
Q

What are the structures transmitted by the large cribriform plate foramina?

A

2 larger foramina:
(1) Anterior ethmoidal foramen-for anterior ethmoidal vessels and nerve
(2) Posterior ethmoidal foramen-for posterior ethmoidal vessels and nerve

211
Q

What is the landmark of the ethmoid bone?

A
212
Q

Discuss crista galli

A
213
Q

Define crista galli

A

An upward projection

214
Q

What is the origin of the word crista galli?

A

Latin for cock’s comb

215
Q

What is the location of crista galli?

A

Middle of the ethmoid bone projecting superiorly from the cribriform plate

216
Q

What is the function of the crista galli?

A

Attachment of the falx cerberi(sheet of dura matter that separates the two cerebral hemispheres)

217
Q

Discuss perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

A
218
Q

Define perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

A

Projection from crista galli

219
Q

What is the location of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone?

A

Descends from the cribriform plate

220
Q

What is the function of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone?

A

Forms the superior 2/3rd of the nasal septum

221
Q

Discuss the ethmoidal labyrinth of ethmoid bone?

A
222
Q

Define the ethmoidal labyrinth

A

Masses

223
Q

What is the size of the ethmoidal labyrinth?

A

Large

224
Q

What is the location of the ethmoidal labyrinth?

A

On either side of the perpendicular plate

225
Q

Discuss parts of the ethmoidal labyrinth

A
226
Q

Discuss orbital plate of ethmoidal labyrinth

A

+Definition
Lateral sheet of bone

+Function
Forms the medial wall of the orbit

227
Q

Define orbital plate of ethmoidal labyrinth

A

Lateral sheet of bone

228
Q

What is the function of the orbital plate of ethmoidal labyrinth

A

Forms the medial wall of the orbit

229
Q

What is the function of the medial sheet of ethmoidal labyrinth

A

Forms the upper lateral wall of the nasal cavity, from which the superior and middle conchae extend into the nasal cavity.

230
Q

Discuss articulations of ethmoid bone

A
231
Q

How many bones articulate with the ethmoid bone?

A

13

232
Q

What are the types of bones that articulate with the ethmoid bone?

A
233
Q

What are the paired bones that articulate with the ethmoid bone?

A

Mnemonic;No Man Loves Poking inferiorly

(1) Nasal bones
(2) Maxillae
(3) Lacrimal bones
(4) Palatine bones
(5) Inferior nasal conchae

234
Q

What are the unpaired bones that articulate with the ethmoid bone?

A

Mnemonic;Falling very severely

(1) Frontal bones
(2) Vomer
(3) Sphenoid bone

235
Q

What is the clinical relevance of ethmoid bone?

A
236
Q

Discuss ethmoid fracture

A
237
Q

What is the aetiology of ethmoid fracture?

A
238
Q

Discuss clinical picture of ethmoid bone fracture

A
239
Q

Discuss fracture of cribriform plate very briefly

A

Branches of the olfactory bulb fibres may be sheared.This may cause anosmia(loss of sense of smell)

240
Q

Discuss fracture of the ethmoidal labyrinth very briefly

A

(1) May allow communication between
the nasal cavity and the orbit
(2) It is then possible for air to enter the
orbit and cause orbital emphysema

241
Q

Discuss CSF rhinorrhoea very briefly

A
242
Q

Define CSF rhinorrhoea

A

A clear watery discharge from one side of the nose

243
Q

What is the aetiology of the CSF rhinorrhoea?

A
244
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the CSF rhinorrhoea?

A
245
Q

What is the treatment of the CSF rhinorrhoea?

A
246
Q

Discuss terminology of sphenoid bone

A

Its name is derived from the Greek‘sphenoeides’, to mean wedge-shaped.

247
Q

What is the location of the sphenoid bone?

A

the anterior aspect of the sphenoid
bone lies within the anterior cranial fossa
anteriorly in the cranium

248
Q

What is the shape of the sphenoid bone?

A

Butterfly-shaped

249
Q

What is the feature of the sphenoid bone?

A

Unpaired bone

250
Q

Enumerate the anatomical parts of the sphenoid bone?

A

(1) Body of the sphenoid
(2) Paired greater wings
(3) Paired lesser wings
(4) 2 pterygoid processes

251
Q

Discuss body of sphenoid bone in details

A
252
Q

What is the location of the body of the sphenoid bone?

A

at the centre of the sphenoid bone

253
Q

What is the shape of the body of the sphenoid bone?

A

almost completely cubical in shape

254
Q

What are the landmarks of the body of the sphenoid bone?

A
255
Q

Discuss sphenoidal sinuses of the body of sphenoid bone

A

are separated by a septum – meaning that the sphenoid body is essentially hollow. The body articulates with the ethmoid bone anteriorly, and it is here that the sinuses open up into the nasal cavity.

256
Q

What is the reason for hollowness of the body of the sphenoid bone?

A

Sphenoidal sinuses

257
Q

Discuss the main landmarks at the superior aspect of the body of the sphenoid bone

A
258
Q

What is the terminology of the sella turcica?

A

Latin for Turkish saddle

259
Q

Define sella turcica

A

A bony prominence

260
Q

What is the shape of sella turcica?

A

Saddle-shaped depression

261
Q

What is the function of sella turcica?

A

Accomadating the pituitary gland,holding and supporting it

262
Q

Enumerate parts of the sella turcica

A

(1) Tuberculum sellae(horn of the saddle)
(2) Hypophyseal fossa(pituitary fossa)
(3) Dorsum sellae(back of the saddle)

263
Q

Discuss parts of sella turcica in details

A
264
Q

What is the other name of tuberculum sellae?

A

Horn of the saddle

265
Q

Discuss tuberculum sellae in details

A
266
Q

Define the tuberculum sellae

A

A vertical elevation of bone

267
Q

What is the anatomical significance of the tuberculum sellae?

A
268
Q

What is the other name of the hypophyseal fossa?

A

(1) Seat of the saddle
(2) Pituitary fossa

269
Q

Define the hypophyseal fossa

A

A depression in the body of the sphenoid

270
Q

What is the location of the hypophyseal fossa?

A

In the middle of the sella turcica

271
Q

What is the function of hypophyseal fossa?

A

Holds the pituitary gland

272
Q

What is the other name of the dorsum sellae?

A

Back of the saddle

273
Q

Define dorsum sellae

A

(1) Large square
(2) Superior projections of sphenoidal body bone

274
Q

What is the direction of the dorsum sellae?

A

Upward and forward

275
Q

What is the function of the dorsum sellae?

A

(1) Forms the posterior wall of the sella turcica
(2) Separate the middle cranial fossa from the posterior cranial fossa

276
Q

Discuss anatomical marking of sellae turcica

A
277
Q

Define the clinoid processes

A

The sella turcica is surrounded by the anterior and posterior clinoid processes

278
Q

What are the types of the clinoid processes?

A

(1) Anterior clinoid process
(2) Posterior clinoid process

279
Q

Define the anterior clinoid process

A

The round ends of the lesser wings

280
Q

What is the location of the anterior clinoid process?

A

Arise from the sphenoidal lesser wings

281
Q

What is the function of the anterior clinoid process?

A
282
Q

Define the posterior clinoid process

A

Are the superolateral projections of the dorsum sellae

283
Q

What is the function of the clinoid process?

A

They serve as attachment points for the tentorium cerebelli, a membranous sheet that divides the brain

284
Q

What is the other name for the chiasmaticus sulcus?

A

Chiasmatic groove

285
Q

Discuss chiasmaticus sulcus

A
286
Q

Define chiasmaticus sulcus

A

A depressed groove running transversely between the two optic canals

287
Q

What is the location of chiasmaticus sulcus?

A

Between the right and left optic canals

288
Q

Discuss formation of chiasmaticus sulcus

A

By the optic chiasm(where the optic nerves partially cross)

289
Q

How many greater wings are there in the sphenoid bones?

A

Paired(2)

290
Q

Discuss greater wings of the sphenoid bone

A

+Locations
extends from the sphenoid body in a lateral, superiorand posterior direction

+Function
It contributes to three parts of the facial skeleton:
1-Floor of the middle cranial fossa
2-Lateral wall of the skull
3-Posterolateral wall of the orbit

+ 3 Foramina

291
Q

What is the location of the greater wings of the sphenoid bone?

A

extends from the sphenoid body in a lateral, superiorand posterior direction

292
Q

What is the function of the greater wings of the sphenoid bone?

A

It contributes to three parts of the facial skeleton:
1-Floor of the middle cranial fossa
2-Lateral wall of the skull
3-Posterolateral wall of the orbit

293
Q

How many foramina are there in the greater wings of the sphenoid bone?

A

3 foramina

294
Q

Enumerate foramina of the greater wings of the sphenoid bone?

A

3 foramina

295
Q

Discuss foramen rotundum

A

+Location
(1) In the middle cranial fossa
(2) In the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
(3) Opens into the pterygopalatine fossa

+Function-transmits the
Maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve(CNV2)

296
Q

What is the location of the foramen rotundum?

A

(1) In the middle cranial fossa
(2) In the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
(3) Opens into the pterygopalatine fossa

297
Q

What is the function of the foramen rotundum?

A

transmits the:
Maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve(CNV2)

298
Q

Discuss foramen ovale

A

+Location
(1) In the middle cranial fossa
(2) In the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
(3) Opens into the infratemporal fossa

+Function-transmits the
Mnemonics;OVALE
(1) Otic ganglion
(2) V3(mandibular nerve,3rd branch of trigeminal nerve)
(3) Accessory meningeal artery
(4) Lesser petrosal nerve
(5) Emissary veins

299
Q

What is the location of the foramen ovale?

A

(1) In the middle cranial fossa
(2) In the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
(3) Opens into the infratemporal fossa

300
Q

What is the function of the foramen ovale?

A

transmits the:
Mnemonics;OVALE
(1) Otic ganglion
(2) V3(mandibular nerve,3rd branch of trigeminal nerve)
(3) Accessory meningeal artery
(4) Lesser petrosal nerve
(5) Emissary veins

301
Q

Discuss foramen spinosum

A

+ Location
(1) In the middle cranial fossa
(2) In the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
(3) Opens into the infratemporal fossa

+Function-transmits the
(1) Middle meningeal vessels(vein and artery)
(2) Meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve(CNV3)

302
Q

What is the location of the foramen spinosum?

A

(1) In the middle cranial fossa
(2) In the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
(3) Opens into the infratemporal fossa

303
Q

What is the function of the foramen spinosum?

A

Transmits the
(1) Middle meningeal vessels(vein and artery)
(2) Meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve(CNV3)

304
Q

How many lesser wings are there in the sphenoid bones?

A

Paired(2)

305
Q

Discuss lesser wings of the sphenoid bone

A
306
Q

What is the location of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone?

A

arises from the anterior aspect of the sphenoid body in a superolateral direction

307
Q

What is the function of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone

A

(1) Separates the anterior cranial fossa from the middle cranial fossa
(2) For orms the lateral border of the optic canal –through which the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery travel to reach the eye.
The medial border of the optic canal is formed by the body of the sphenoid

308
Q

Discuss foramina of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone

A
309
Q

What is the location of the superior orbital fissure?

A

(1) In the middle cranial fossa
(2) Gap between the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid
(3) Opens anteriorly into orbit

310
Q

What is the shape of the superior orbital fissure?

A

Slit-like

311
Q

What is the function of the superior orbital fissure?

A
312
Q

How many pterygoid processes are there in the sphenoid bone?

A

Paired(2)

313
Q

Discuss pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone?

A
314
Q

What is the location of the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone?

A

descends inferiorly from the point of junction between the sphenoid body and the greater wing

315
Q

What are the anatomical parts of the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone?

A

(1)Medial pterygoid plate:–
supports the posterior opening of the nasal cavity

(2)Lateral pterygoid plate:–
site of origin of the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles

316
Q

What is the function of the medial pterygoid plate?

A

supports the posterior opening of the nasal cavity

317
Q

What is the function of the lateral pterygoid plate?

A

site of origin of the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles

318
Q

What are the functions of the sphenoid bone?

A

1st/contributes to
(1) middle cranial fossa,
(2) lateral wall of the skull
(3) floor and sides of both orbits

2nd/Muscular attachment
The lateral and medial pterygoid muscles which form some of the muscles of masticationoriginate from the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone

319
Q

Discuss articulations of the sphenoid bone

A
320
Q

How many bones articulate with the sphenoid bone?

A

12

321
Q

What are the unpaired bones that articulate with the sphenoid bone?

A

Mnemonic;On Visually Equal Fonts
(1) Occipital bone
(2) Vomer
(3) Ethmoid bone
(4) Frontal bone

322
Q

What are the paired bones that articulate with the sphenoid bone?

A

Mnemonic;To Perforate Zygomatic Plane
(1) Temporal bone
(2) Parietal bone
(3) Zygomatic bone
(3) Palatine bone

323
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the sphenoid bone?

A
324
Q

Define endoscopic trans-sphenoidal surgery (ETSS)

A

the pituitary can be accessed surgically by passing instruments through the sphenoid bones and sinus

325
Q

What is the indication for the endoscopic trans-sphenoidal surgery(ETSS)?

A

the usual treatment of choice
for pituitary adenomas

326
Q

What is the technique for the endoscopic trans-sphenoidal surgery (ETSS)?

A
327
Q

What is the advantages of the endoscopic trans-sphenoidal surgery (ETSS)?

A

allows for the surgical management of pituitary denoma without the need for a more extensive craniotomy

328
Q

What is the disadvantages(complications)of the endoscopic trans-sphenoidal surgery (ETSS)?

A

1- CSF rhinorrhoea
2- Meningitis
3- Diabetes inspidus
4- Haemorrhage
5- Visual disturbances

329
Q

Discuss the features, location, shape, parts, attachments (origin, insertion), nerve supply and action of masseter muscle

A
330
Q

What are the features of the masseter muscle?

A

The most powerful muscle of mastication

331
Q

What is the location of the masster muscle?

A

The most superficial muscle of all muscles of mastication,I.e; lies superficial to the :
(1) Temporalis muscle
(2) Both pterygoids muscles

332
Q

Enumerate muscles of mastication

A

In the following order:-

333
Q

What is the function of muscles of mastication??

A

associated with movements of the jaw (temporomandibular joint).

334
Q

The muscles of mastication develop from which pharyngeal arch ?

A

1st pharyngeal arch

335
Q

What is the innervation of muscle mastication?

A

innervated by the mandibular nerve (V3) ,a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

336
Q

What is the shape of the masseter muscle?

A

Quadrangular

337
Q

What are the parts of the masseter muscle?

A

(1) Superficial
(2) Deep

338
Q

Discuss temporalis muscle

A

Origin
(1) Floor of the temporal fossa
(2) Deep surface of temporal fascia

Insertion
(1) Coronoid process (tip, inner surface and anterior
border) of the ramus of mandible
(2) Anterior border or margin of ramus of mandible
almost to last molar teeth

Nerve supply
Two deep temporal nerves from the anterior division or trunk of the mandibular nerve (V3), a branch of the trigiminal nerve (CN V)

Action
(1) Elevation of mandible (closing the mouth)
(2) Retraction of mandible (moving the jaw
posteriorly)
(3) Helps in side to side movement of the lower jaw
during grinding

Clinical significance
The muscle is covered by tough temporal fascia which can be harvested surgically and used to repair a perforated tympanic membrane (an operation known as a myringoplasty).

339
Q

Discuss attachments of masster muscle

A
340
Q

What is the origin of the masseter muscle?

A
341
Q

What is the insertion of the masseter muscle?

A

Into the outer surface of the ramus of the mandible

342
Q

What is the nerve supply of the masseter muscle?

A

Masseteric nerve from the anterior division or trunk of the mandibular nerve (V3),a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

343
Q

What is the action of the masster muscle?

A

(1) Elevation of the mandible to close the mouth
(as required during biting)
(2) Protrusion of the mandible

344
Q

Discuss medial Pterygoid muscle

A

Shape
Quadrangular

Location
Located inferiorly to the lateral pterygoid

Parts
Two heads:(1) Superficial(smaller)
(2) Deep(larger)

Origin
1st/Superficial head: maxillary tuberosity
2nd/Deep head: medial surface(inner surface)of lateral plate of
pterygoid process (lateral Pterygoid plate)
of sphenoid bone
3rd/Both heads: pyramidal process of palatine bone

Insertion
Both heads attach to the medial surface (inner surface ) of the ramus of mandible:
(1) above the angle of mandible and
(2) below the mandibular foramen.

Nerve supply
Nerve to medial pterygoid, a branch from main trunk of the mandibular nerve (V3), a branch of trigeminal nerve.

Action
• Elevation of mandible to close the mouth
• Protraction (Protrusion) of mandible
• Side to side movement of the mandible , i.e.,along
with ipsilateral, lateral pterygoid pushes the chin to
opposite side

345
Q

Discuss the lateral pterygoid

A

Shape
Triangular

Parts:
Two heads: (1) Superior (upper): smaller
(2) Inferior (lower): larger

Origin:
1st/Superior (upper) head: (1) infratemporal crest
and
(2) infratemporal surface
of the greater wing of
the sphenoid.
(2) Inferior (lower) head: lateral surface of lateral
pterygoid plate of the
sphenoid (lateral plate of
pterygoid process of
sphenoid bone)

Insertion
(1)The two heads converge into a tendon which
attaches to the pterygoid fovea on the
front of the neck of mandible.
(2)Some fibres are also inserted into the articular
disc and capsule of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

Nerve supply
A branch from the anterior division of the mandibular nerve.

Actions:
1st/Bilateral action – (1) protraction of the mandible
(It has horizontally
orientated muscle fibres,
and thus is the major
protractor)
and
(2) depression of the mandible
or chin to open the mouth;
while doing so, the muscle
pulls the articular disc
forwards.
2nd/Unilateral action – ‘side to side’ movement of the
jaw along with ipsilateral
medial pterygoid muscle, it
pushes the chin to the
opposite side.

Anatomical significance
The lateral pterygoid is the key muscle of infratemporal region because its relations provide the fair idea of the layout of the structures in the infratemporal fossa.

Relations
1st/Superficial relations: Mnemonic;My Routine Tendon Moving
• Masseter
• Ramus of mandible
• Tendon of temporalis
• Maxillary artery

2nd/Deep relations: Mnemonic;My Money Should Deeply Dissect
My Lingual Inferior Medicine
• Mandibular nerve
• Middle meningeal artery
• Sphenomandibular ligament
• Deep head of medial pterygoid
Structures emerging from the
upper border
• Deep temporal nerves
(anterior and posterior deep temporal nerves)
• Masseteric nerve
Structures emerging from its lower border
• Lingual nerve
• Inferior alveolar nerve
• Middle meningeal artery
(in fact passes upward deep to
muscle)

346
Q

What is the other name for the oral cavity?

A

Mouth

347
Q

Define the oral cavity?

A

The start of the alimentary canal

348
Q

What is the location of the oral cavity?

A

Spans between and communicates to
+Anteriorly:to exterior by-oral fissure:
.Definition:guarded by the opening between the upper and lower lips
.Diameter:The diameter of the oral fissure is controlled by
the muscles of the facial expression,
principally,the orbicularis oris
+Posteriorly:to oropharynx by-oropharyngeal isthmus:
.Definition: the opening of the oropharynx
.Guarded on either side by the:Palatoglossal arch

349
Q

What is the communication of the oral cavity?

A

Spans between and communicates to
+Anteriorly:to exterior by-oral fissure
.Definition:guarded by the opening between the upper and lower lips
.Diameter:The diameter of the oral fissure is controlled by the muscles of the facial expression,
principally,the orbicularis oris
+Posteriorly:to oropharynx by-oropharyngeal isthmus
.Definition: the opening of the oropharynx
.Guarded on either side by the:Palatoglossal arch

350
Q

What is the anterior communication of the oral cavity?

A

communicates anteriorly to exterior by-oral fissure
.Definition:guarded by the opening between the upper and lower lips
.Diameter:The diameter of the oral fissure is controlled by the muscles of the
facial expression,principally,the orbicularis oris

351
Q

What is the posterior communication of the oral cavity?

A

Communicates posteriorly to oropharynx by-oropharyngeal isthmus
.Definition: the opening of the oropharynx
.Guarded on either side by the:Palatoglossal arch

352
Q

What are the function of the oral cavity?

A

(1) Digestion: receives food, preparing it for digestion in the stomach and small intestines
(2) Communication and speaking: modifies sound produced in the larynx to create a range of sounds
(3) Breathing: acts as an air inlet in addition to the nasal cavity

353
Q

What are the divisions of the oral cavity?

A

Divided into two parts by the upper and lower dental arches(formed by the teeth and their bony scaffolding):-
(1) oral vestibule(vestibule of the mouth)
(2) oral cavity proper(mouth proper)

354
Q

What divides the oral cavity into two parts?

A

The upper and lower dental arches (formed by the teeth and their bony scaffolding)

355
Q

What forms the upper and lower dental arches?

A

teeth and their bony scaffolding

356
Q

What is the function of the upper and lower dental arches?

A

Divides the oral cavity into two parts
(1) Oral vestibule (vestibule of the mouth)
(2) Oral cavity proper (mouth proper)

357
Q

What is the other name for the oral vestibule?

A

Vestibule of the mouth

358
Q

Discuss the oral vestibule

A

+Definition
An outer part

+Location
Situated anteriorly

+Shape
Horse-shoe shaped

+Size
Small

+Boundaries
(1) Externally: Lips and cheeks
(2) Internally: Teeth and gums

+Communication with the
(1) Exterior via the oral fissure
(2) Oral cavity proper(mouth proper) via the space behind the 3rd molar tooth

+Ducts- parotid gland
.Location: (1) On either side
(2) Opens out into the oral vestibule
(3) Opposite the crown of 2nd upper molar tooth
.Function: Secretes salivary juices

359
Q

Define the oral vestibule

A

An outer part

360
Q

What is the location of the oral vestibule?

A

Situated anteriorly

361
Q

What is the shape of the oral vestibule?

A

Horse-shoe shaped

362
Q

What is the size of the oral vestibule?

A

Small

363
Q

What are the boundaries of the oral vestibule?

A

(1) Externally: Lips and cheeks
(2) Internally: Teeth and gums

364
Q

What are the boundaries of the oral vestibule externally?

A

Lips and cheeks

365
Q

What are the boundaries of the oral vestibule internally?

A

Teeth and gums

366
Q

Discuss communication of the oral vestibule

A

Communicates with the
(1) Exterior via the oral fissure
(2) Oral cavity proper(mouth proper) via the space behind the 3rd molar tooth

367
Q

How does the oral vestibule communicate with the exterior?

A

Via the oral fissure

368
Q

How does the oral vestibule communicates with the oral cavity proper(mouth proper)?

A

Via the space behind the crown of 2nd upper molar tooth

369
Q

Discuss the ducts of the glands that open into the oral cavity

A

parotid gland
.Location: (1) On either side
(2) Opens out into the oral vestibule
(3) Opposite the crown of 2nd upper molar tooth
.Function: Secretes salivary juices

370
Q

What is the gland that its duct opens into the oral cavity proper?

A

Parotid gland

371
Q

What is the location of the gland that opens its duct into the oral cavity proper?

A

Parotid gland
(1) On either side
(2) Opens out into the oral vestibule
(3) Opposite the crown of 2nd upper molar tooth

372
Q

What is the function of the parotid gland in relation to the oral cavity proper?

A

Secretes salivary juices

373
Q

What is the other name for oral cavity proper?

A

Mouth proper

374
Q

Discuss oral cavity proper

A

Location
Lies posteriorly to the oral vestibule

Boundaries
1st/Roof(above):
I)Hard palate
.Definition:a bony plate
.Location:anteriorly
.Function:separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
.Boundaries(mucosa):
(1) Superiorly:respiratory mucosa- ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium(CPCE)
(2) Inferiorly:oral mucosa-stratified squamous epithelium (SSE)
.Nerve supply:Branches of the maxillary nerve(CNV2)-
(1)greater palatine nerve
(2)nasopalatine nerve
II)Soft palate
.Definition:
(1) a muscular structure
(2) posterior continuation of the hard palate
.Location:posteriorly
.Function:It acts as a valve that can-
(1)lower to close the oropharyngeal isthmus
(2)elevate to separate nasopharynx from oropharynx
.Nerve supply:lesser palatine nerve-a branch of the maxillary nerve(CNV2)
2nd/Floor(below):
I)Parts
(1)Oral muscular diaphragm
.Structure:comprised of bilateral mylohyoid muscles
.Function:
1)provides structural support to the floor of the mouth
2)pulls the larynx forward during swallowing
(2)Geniohyoid muscle: pulls the larynx forward during swallowing
(3)Tongue:connected to the floor by the frenulum of the tongue
(a fold of oral mucosa)
(4)Salivary glands
-Submandibular ducts
.Location
1)on either side
2)open in the floor of oral cavity proper
3)on the summot of sublingual papilla
-Sublingual ducts
.Number:about a dozen
.Location:
1)on either side
2)open in the floor of oral cavity proper
3)on the sublingual fold in a row
II)Nerve supply:lingual nerve
-a branch of the mandibular division(V3) of the trigeminal nerve
-provides sensory innervation
3rd/On either side(lateral)
I)Teeth
II)Lips
III)Cheeks
-Layers:
(1)skin
(2)superficial fascia containing buccal pad or fat
(3)buccopharyngeal fascia
(4)Buccinator muscle
–Function:the cheeks are formed are formed by the buccinator muscle
–Action:contracts to keep food between the teeth when chewing
–Nerve supply:buccal branches of the facial nerve(CNVII)
(5)submucosa
(6)buccal mucosa
-Nerve supply:buccal nerve-a branch of the mandibular(V3)division of the trigeminal nerve(not to be confused with the buccal branches of the facial nerve)

Contents (Structures present within oral cavity)
• Teeth and gums
• Tongue
• Soft palate

Nerve supply
(1)Sensory innervation of the oral cavity is supplied by the branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
(2)Posterior aspect of the oral cavity is supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve(CNIX)

Clinical relevance-Gag reflex
.Function: protective against foreign bodies touching the posterior aspects of the oral cavity, which are most
innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).
.Mechanism: When stimulated, a reflex arc leads to
(1)contraction of the pharyngeal musculature and the
(2)elevation of the soft palate.
The efferent nerve in this case is the vagus nerve (CN X).

375
Q

What is the location of the oral cavity proper?

A

Lies posteriorly to the oral vestibule

376
Q

Discuss boundaries of oral cavity proper

A

Boundaries
1st/Roof(above):
I)Hard palate
.Definition:a bony plate
.Location:anteriorly
.Function:separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
.Boundaries(mucosa):
(1) Superiorly:respiratory mucosa- ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium(CPCE)
(2) Inferiorly:oral mucosa-stratified squamous epithelium (SSE)
.Nerve supply:Branches of the maxillary nerve(CNV2)-
(1)greater palatine nerve
(2)nasopalatine nerve
II)Soft palate
.Definition:
(1) a muscular structure
(2) posterior continuation of the hard palate
.Location:posteriorly
.Function:It acts as a valve that can-
(1)lower to close the oropharyngeal isthmus
(2)elevate to separate nasopharynx from oropharynx
.Nerve supply:lesser palatine nerve-a branch of the maxillary nerve(CNV2)

2nd/Floor(below):
I)Parts
(1)Oral muscular diaphragm
.Structure:comprised of bilateral mylohyoid muscles
.Function:
1)provides structural support to the floor of the mouth
2)pulls the larynx forward during swallowing
(2)Geniohyoid muscle: pulls the larynx forward during swallowing
(3)Tongue:connected to the floor by the frenulum of the tongue
(a fold of oral mucosa)
(4)Salivary glands
-Submandibular ducts
.Location
1)on either side
2)open in the floor of oral cavity proper
3)on the summot of sublingual papilla
-Sublingual ducts
.Number:about a dozen
.Location:
1)on either side
2)open in the floor of oral cavity proper
3)on the sublingual fold in a row
II)Nerve supply:lingual nerve
-a branch of the mandibular division(V3) of the trigeminal nerve
-provides sensory innervation

3rd/On either side(lateral)
I)Teeth
II)Lips
III)Cheeks
-Layers:
(1)skin
(2)superficial fascia containing buccal pad or fat
(3)buccopharyngeal fascia
(4)Buccinator muscle
–Function:the cheeks are formed are formed by the buccinator muscle
–Action:contracts to keep food between the teeth when chewing
–Nerve supply:buccal branches of the facial nerve(CNVII)
(5)submucosa
(6)buccal mucosa
-Nerve supply:buccal nerve-a branch of the mandibular(V3)division of the trigeminal nerve(not to be confused with the buccal branches of the facial nerve)

377
Q

Discuss roof of the oral cavity proper

A

1st/Roof(above):
I)Hard palate
.Definition:a bony plate
.Location:anteriorly
.Function:separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
.Boundaries(mucosa):
(1) Superiorly:respiratory mucosa- ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium(CPCE)
(2) Inferiorly:oral mucosa-stratified squamous epithelium (SSE)
.Nerve supply:Branches of the maxillary nerve(CNV2)-
(1)greater palatine nerve
(2)nasopalatine nerve
II)Soft palate
.Definition:
(1) a muscular structure
(2) posterior continuation of the hard
palate
.Location:posteriorly
.Function:It acts as a valve that can-
(1)lower to close the oropharyngeal isthmus
(2)elevate to separate nasopharynx from oropharynx
.Nerve supply:lesser palatine nerve-a branch of the maxillary nerve(CNV2)

378
Q

Discuss the hard palate of the roof of the oral cavity proper

A

.Definition:a bony plate

.Location:anteriorly in the roof of the oral cavity

.Function:separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

.Boundaries(mucosa):
(1) Superiorly:respiratory mucosa- ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium(CPCE)
(2) Inferiorly:oral mucosa-stratified squamous epithelium (SSE)

.Nerve supply:Branches of the maxillary nerve(CNV2)-
(1)greater palatine nerve
(2)nasopalatine nerve

379
Q

Define the hard palate

A

a bony plate

380
Q

What is the location of the hard palate?

A

anteriorly in the roof of the oral cavity

381
Q

What is the function of the hard palate?

A

separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

382
Q

What is the other name for the boundaries of the hard palate?

A

Mucosa

383
Q

What are the boundaries of the hard palate?

A

(1) Superiorly:respiratory mucosa- ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium(CPCE)
(2) Inferiorly:oral mucosa-
stratified squamous epithelium (SSE)

384
Q

What is the superior boundary of the hard palate?

A

respiratory mucosa:
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium(CPCE)

385
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the hard palate?

A

oral mucosa:
stratified squamous epithelium (SSE)

386
Q

Discuss mucosa of the oral cavity proper

A

(1) Superiorly:respiratory mucosa- ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium(CPCE)
(2) Inferiorly:oral mucosa-
stratified squamous epithelium (SSE)

387
Q

What is the type of mucosa superiorly in the hard palate?

A

respiratory mucosa:
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium(CPCE)

388
Q

What is the lining of the respiratory mucosa of the hard palate?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium(CPCE)

389
Q

What is the type of mucosa inferiorly in the hard palate?

A

oral mucosa:
stratified squamous epithelium (SSE)

390
Q

What is the lining of the oral mucosa of the hard palate?

A

stratified squamous epithelium (SSE)

391
Q

What is the nerve supply to the hard palate?

A

Branches of the maxillary nerve(CNV2):(1) greater palatine nerve
(2) nasopalatine nerve

392
Q

Discuss the soft palate

A

.Definition:
(1) a muscular structure
(2) posterior continuation of the hard
palate

.Location:posteriorly

.Function:It acts as a valve that can-
(1)lower to close the oropharyngeal isthmus
(2)elevate to separate nasopharynx from oropharynx

.Nerve supply:lesser palatine nerve-a branch of the maxillary nerve(CNV2)

393
Q

Define the soft palate

A

(1) a muscular structure
(2) posterior continuation of the hard
palate

394
Q

What is the location of the soft palate in the roof of the oral cavity proper?

A

posteriorly

395
Q

What is the function of the soft palate?

A

It acts as a valve that can:
(1)lower to close the oropharyngeal isthmus
(2)elevate to separate nasopharynx from oropharynx

396
Q

Discuss parts of floor of oral cavity proper

A

(1)Oral muscular diaphragm .Structure:comprised of bilateral
mylohyoid muscles
.Function:
1)provides structural support to the floor of the mouth
2)pulls the larynx forward during swallowing

(2)Geniohyoid muscle: pulls the larynx forward during swallowing

(3)Tongue:connected to the floor by the frenulum of the tongue
(a fold of oral mucosa)

(4)Salivary glands
-Submandibular ducts
.Location
1)on either side
2)open in the floor of oral cavity proper
3)on the summot of sublingual papilla
-Sublingual ducts
.Number:about a dozen
.Location:
1)on either side
2)open in the floor of oral cavity proper
3)on the sublingual fold in a row

397
Q

What is the nerve supply of the soft palate?

A

lesser palatine nerve-a branch of the maxillary nerve(CNV2)

398
Q

Discuss floor of the oral cavity

A

2nd/Floor(below):
I)Parts
(1)Oral muscular diaphragm
.Structure:comprised of bilateral mylohyoid muscles
.Function:
1)provides structural support to the floor of the mouth
2)pulls the larynx forward during swallowing
(2)Geniohyoid muscle: pulls the larynx forward during swallowing
(3)Tongue:connected to the floor by the frenulum of the tongue
(a fold of oral mucosa)
(4)Salivary glands
-Submandibular ducts
.Location
1)on either side
2)open in the floor of oral cavity proper
3)on the summot of sublingual papilla
-Sublingual ducts
.Number:about a dozen
.Location:
1)on either side
2)open in the floor of oral cavity proper
3)on the sublingual fold in a row
II)Nerve supply:lingual nerve
-a branch of the mandibular division(V3) of the trigeminal nerve
-provides sensory innervation

399
Q

What are the layers of the cheek?

A

(1)skin
(2)superficial fascia containing buccal pad or fat
(3)buccopharyngeal fascia
(4)Buccinator muscle

400
Q

Discuss oral muscular diaphragm of the roof of the oral cavity proper

A

.Structure:comprised of bilateral
mylohyoid muscles
.Function:
1)provides structural support to the floor of the mouth
2)pulls the larynx forward during swallowing

401
Q

What is the structure of the oral muscular diaphragm

A

Bilateral mylohyoid muscle

402
Q

What is the function of the oral muscular diaphragm in the floor of oral cavity proper

A

1)provides structural support to the floor of the mouth
2)pulls the larynx forward during swallowing

403
Q

Discuss the structures on either side of the oral cavity

A

3rd/On either side(lateral)
I)Teeth
II)Lips
III)Cheeks
-Layers:
(1)skin
(2)superficial fascia containing buccal pad or fat
(3)buccopharyngeal fascia
(4)Buccinator muscle
–Function:the cheeks are formed are formed by the buccinator muscle
–Action:contracts to keep food between the teeth when chewing
–Nerve supply:buccal branches of the facial nerve(CNVII)
(5)submucosa
(6)buccal mucosa
-Nerve supply:buccal nerve-a branch of the mandibular(V3)division of the trigeminal nerve(not to be confused with the buccal branches of the facial nerve)

404
Q

Enumerate contents of the oral cavity

A

Contents (Structures present within oral cavity)
• Teeth and gums
• Tongue
• Soft palate

405
Q

What is the nerve supply of the oral cavity?

A

(1)Sensory innervation of the oral cavity is supplied by the branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
(2)Posterior aspect of the oral cavity is supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve(CNIX)

406
Q

Discuss gag reflex in relation to the clinical relevance of the oral cavity proper

A

.Function:
protective against foreign bodies touching the posterior aspects of the oral cavity, which are most innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).

.Mechanism:
When stimulated, a reflex arc leads to
(1)contraction of the pharyngeal
musculature and the
(2)elevation of the soft palate.
The efferent nerve in this case is the vagus nerve (CN X).

407
Q

What’s the function of the gag reflex?

A

protective against foreign bodies touching the posterior aspects of the oral cavity, which are most innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).

.

408
Q

What is the mechanism of the gag reflex?

A

When stimulated, a reflex arc leads to
(1)contraction of the pharyngeal
musculature and the
(2)elevation of the soft palate.
The efferent nerve in this case is the vagus nerve (CN X).

409
Q

What

A

Anatomy For The MRCS Part A (13 decks)

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