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Anatomy > Upper Limb > Flashcards

Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the roots of the brachial plexus?

A

Anterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1

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2
Q

Which muscles do the roots of the brachial plexus pass through to reach the arm?

A

Anterior and medial scalene muscles

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3
Q

Describe the trunks of the brachial plexus

A

Superior - C5, C6
Middle - C7
Inferior - C8, T1

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4
Q

What are the nerve roots of the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

C5-7

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5
Q

What are the motor functions of the musculocutaeneous nerve?

A

Innervates brachialis, biceps brachii and coracobrachialis

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6
Q

What are the sensory functions of the musculocutaeneous nerve?

A

Innervates the skin of the lateral anterior forearm and lateral posterior forearm via the lateral cutaneous branch

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7
Q

What are the nerve roots of the axillary nerve?

A

C5-6

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8
Q

What are the motor functions of the axillary nerve?

A

Innervates teres minor and deltoid

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9
Q

What are the nerve roots of the median nerve?

A

C6-T1

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10
Q

What are the motor functions of the median nerve?

A

Flexor muscles of forearm
Thenar muscles
Two lateral lumbricals

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11
Q

What are the motor functions of the radial nerve?

A

Innervates triceps brachii and the posterior compartment of the forearm

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12
Q

What are the nerve roots of the radial nerve?

A

C5-T1

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13
Q

What are the sensory functions of the radial nerve?

A

Innervates the posterior aspect of the arm and forearm and the posterolateral aspect of the hand

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14
Q

What are the nerve roots of the ulnar nerve?

A

C8-T1

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15
Q

What are the motor functions of the ulnar nerve?

A

Innervates the intrinsic muscles of the hand, flexi carpi ulnaris and the medial half of flexor digitorum produndus

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16
Q

Which bone possesses the glenoid fossa?

A

Scapula

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Which muscle is responsible for the first 15 degrees of shoulder abduction?

A

Supraspinatus

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19
Q

Which pathology causes a painful arc?

A

Supraspinatus tendinitis

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20
Q

Which rotator cuff muscles attach to the greater tuberosity?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor

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21
Q

Which rotator cuff muscle attaches to the lesser tuberosity?

A

Subscapularis

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22
Q

Which groove does the long head of biceps brachii run through?

A

Intertubercular sulcus

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23
Q

Which important structures are at risk in a fracture of the surgical neck of humerus?

A

Axillary nerve
Posterior circumflex artery

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24
Q

Which important structures are at risk in a humeral shaft fracture?

A

Radial nerve
Profunda brachii artery

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25
Q

Which important structures are at risk in a supracondylar fracture of the humerus?

A

Brachial artery
Anterior interosseous nerve

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26
Q

What are the attachments of pectoralis major?

A

Medial clavicle
Anterior sternum
Intertubercular sulcus of humerus

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27
Q

What are the attachments of pectoralis minor?

A

3rd-5th ribs
Coracoid process of scapula

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28
Q

Which nerve supplies serratus anterior?

A

Long thoracic nerve

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29
Q

Which muscle anchors and depresses the clavicle?

A

Subclavius

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30
Q

Damage to which nerve causes winging of the scapula?

A

Long thoracic nerve

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31
Q

What are the borders of the axilla?

A

Lateral - intertubercular groove of the humerus
Medial - Serratus anterior and thoracic wall
Anterior - Pectoralis major
Posterior - Subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi

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32
Q

List the contents of the axilla

A

Axillary artery
Axillary vein
Brachial plexus
Axillary lymph nodes
Biceps brachii (short head)
Coracobrachialis

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33
Q

What is the quadrangular space?

A

Gap in the posterior wall of axilla that the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery pass through to the posterior arm

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34
Q

What is the clavipectoral triangle?

A

Opening in the anterior wall of the axilla
Cephalic vein enters axilla here and the medial and lateral pectoral nerves leave

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35
Q

Which nerve is most at risk during axillary clearance?

A

Long thoracic

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36
Q

What are the borders of the triangular interval?

A

Superior - inferior border of teres major
Lateral - shaft of humerus and lateral head of triceps brachii
Medial - lateral border of the long head of triceps brachii

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37
Q

Which structures pass through the triangular interval?

A

Radial nerve
Profunda brachii artery

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38
Q

What are the borders of the triangular space?

A

Lateral - medial margin of the long head of triceps brachii
Inferior - superior margin of teres major
Superior - inferior border of teres minor

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39
Q

Which structures pass through the triangular space?

A

Circumflex scapular artery and vein

40
Q

Which nerve supplies the trapezius?

A

Accessory nerve

41
Q

Which nerve supplies latissimus dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

42
Q

What are the actions of the rhomboid muscles of the back?

A

Retract and rotate the scapula

43
Q

Which nerve supplies teres major?

A

Lower subscapular nerve

44
Q

Which muscles does the axillary nerve innervate?

A

Deltoid
Teres minor

45
Q

Which nerve supplies the ‘regimental badge area’?

A

Upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm

46
Q

Where does the axillary nerve lie in relation to the axillary artery?

A

Posterior

47
Q

What are the functions of the biceps brachii?

A

Forearm supination
Elbow and shoulder flexion

48
Q

Which spinal cord segment does the biceps reflex test?

A

C6

49
Q

What are the attachments of coracobrachialis?

A

Coranoid process of scapula
Medial humeral shaft

50
Q

Which arm muscle forms the floor of the ACF?

A

Brachialis

51
Q

What are the attachments of brachialis?

A

Humeral shaft
Ulnar tuberosity

52
Q

What does ‘popeye sign’ suggest?

A

Rupture of biceps tendon

53
Q

Which artery supplies the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Profunda brachii artery

54
Q

Which nerve innervates triceps brachii?

A

Radial nerve

55
Q

Which spinal segment does the triceps tendon reflex test?

A

C7

56
Q

What are the borders of the antecubital fossa?

A

Lateral - brachioradialis
Medial - pronator teres
Superior - line between epicondyles of humerus
Roof - bicipital aponeurosis
Floor - brachialis, supinator

57
Q

What are the contents of the antecubital fossa? (lateral to medial)

A

Radial nerve
Biceps tendon
Brachial artery
Median nerve

58
Q

What is Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture?

A

Uncontrolled flexion of the hand
It is caused by damage to the brachial artery - often supracondylar fracture

59
Q

Which nerve is tested by asking the patient to make an OK sign?

A

Anterior interosseous nerve

60
Q

Name a vein that is a common site for venepuncture in the arm

A

Median cubital vein

61
Q

What does the proximal ulna articulate with?

A

Trochlea of humerus

62
Q

Which muscle attaches to the olecranon of the ulna?

A

Triceps brachii

63
Q

What is Monteggia’s fracture?

A

Fracture of proximal shaft of ulna
Dislocation of radial head at elbow

64
Q

What is Galeazzi’s fracture?

A

Distal radius fracture
Dislocation of ulnar head at the distal radio-ulnar joint

65
Q

Which muscle attaches to the radial tuberosity?

A

Biceps brachii muscle

66
Q

Which carpal bones does the radius articulate with?

A

Scaphoid
Lunate

67
Q

What is a Colle’s fracture?

A

Distal radius fracture with posterior (dorsal) displacement of hand and wrist

68
Q

What is a Smith’s fracture?

A

Distal radius fracture with anterior (volar) displacement of the hand and wrist

69
Q

Which articular surfaces are involved in the proximal radio-ulnar joint?

A

Radial head
Radial notch of ulna

70
Q

Which articular surfaces are involved in the distal radio-ulnar joint?

A

Ulnar notch of radius
Ulnar head

71
Q

Which structure prevents the ulna from articulating with the carpal bones?

A

Articular disc

72
Q

What type of synovial joint is the wrist joint?

A

Ellipsoidal (condyloid)

73
Q

Why is the scaphoid at risk of avascular necrosis?

A

Retrograde blood supply which enters distally

74
Q

Where do the superficial forearm muscles collectively attach proximally?

A

Medial epicondyle

75
Q

Which two structures pass between the two heads of flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Median nerve
Ulnar artery

76
Q

Where does flexor digitorum superficialis attach distally?

A

Base of the middle phalanx of the four digits

77
Q

Where does flexor digitorum profundus attach distally?

A

Base of the distal phalanx of the four digits

78
Q

Which muscle flexes the distal IP joints?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus

79
Q

Which branch of the median nerve innervates the deep layer of muscles in the anterior forearm?

A

Anterior interosseous nerve

80
Q

Which structure passes betweenthe two heads of supinator?

A

Radial nerve

81
Q

Which nerve supplies the thenar muscles?

A

Recurrent branch of the median nerve

82
Q

Why is the palm of the hand spared in carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

It is supplies by the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve which does not travel through the carpal tunnel

83
Q

Which muscles in the hand does the median nerve supply?

A

Thenar muscles
Lateral two lumbricals

84
Q

Which muscles in the anterior forearm are supplied by the ulnar nerve?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris
Medial half of flexor digitorum profundus

85
Q

Which carpal bone is formed within the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Pisiform

86
Q

What is a Boxer’s fracture?

A

Fracture of the 5th metacarpal neck

87
Q

What is Bennett’s fracture?

A

Fracture of the 1st metacarpal base

88
Q

What are the borders of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Medial - tendon of extensor pollicis longus
Lateral - tendons of extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus
Proximal - styloid process of the radius

89
Q

What are the contents of the anatomical snuff box?

A

Radial artery
Superficial branch of the radial nerve
Cephalic vein

90
Q

Where do the lumbricals originate from?

A

Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus

91
Q

What is the action of palmaris brevis?

A

Deepens the curvature of the hand

92
Q

Where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

Lower border of teres major

93
Q

Which artery travels with the radial nerve in the radial groove of the humerus and supplies the structures in the posterior aspect of the upper arm?

A

Profunda brachii

94
Q

Which structures are found within the axillary sheath?

A

Axillary artery and the 3 cords of the brachial plexus

95
Q

At which landmark is the subclavian artery renamed the axillary artery?

A

Lateral border of the clavicle

96
Q
A

Anatomy (10 decks)

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