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Upper Limb Flashcards

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1
Q

What forms the roots of the brachial plexus?

A

Anterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1

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2
Q

Which muscles do the roots of the brachial plexus pass through to reach the arm?

A

Anterior and medial scalene muscles

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3
Q

Describe the trunks of the brachial plexus

A

Superior - C5, C6
Middle - C7
Inferior - C8, T1

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4
Q

What are the nerve roots of the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

C5-7

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5
Q

What are the motor functions of the musculocutaeneous nerve?

A

Innervates brachialis, biceps brachii and coracobrachialis

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6
Q

What are the sensory functions of the musculocutaeneous nerve?

A

Innervates the skin of the lateral anterior forearm and lateral posterior forearm via the lateral cutaneous branch

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7
Q

What are the nerve roots of the axillary nerve?

A

C5-6

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8
Q

What are the motor functions of the axillary nerve?

A

Innervates teres minor and deltoid

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9
Q

What are the nerve roots of the median nerve?

A

C6-T1

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10
Q

What are the motor functions of the median nerve?

A

Flexor muscles of forearm
Thenar muscles
Two lateral lumbricals

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11
Q

What are the motor functions of the radial nerve?

A

Innervates triceps brachii and the posterior compartment of the forearm

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12
Q

What are the nerve roots of the radial nerve?

A

C5-T1

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13
Q

What are the sensory functions of the radial nerve?

A

Innervates the posterior aspect of the arm and forearm and the posterolateral aspect of the hand

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14
Q

What are the nerve roots of the ulnar nerve?

A

C8-T1

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15
Q

What are the motor functions of the ulnar nerve?

A

Innervates the intrinsic muscles of the hand, flexi carpi ulnaris and the medial half of flexor digitorum produndus

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16
Q

Which bone possesses the glenoid fossa?

A

Scapula

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17
Q

Which muscle is responsible for the first 15 degrees of shoulder abduction?

A

Supraspinatus

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18
Q

Which pathology causes a painful arc?

A

Supraspinatus tendinitis

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19
Q

Which rotator cuff muscles attach to the greater tuberosity?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor

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20
Q

Which rotator cuff muscle attaches to the lesser tuberosity?

A

Subscapularis

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21
Q

Which groove does the long head of biceps brachii run through?

A

Intertubercular sulcus

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22
Q

Which important structures are at risk in a fracture of the surgical neck of humerus?

A

Axillary nerve
Posterior circumflex artery

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23
Q

Which important structures are at risk in a humeral shaft fracture?

A

Radial nerve
Profunda brachii artery

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24
Q

Which important structures are at risk in a supracondylar fracture of the humerus?

A

Brachial artery
Anterior interosseous nerve

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25
What are the attachments of pectoralis major?
Medial clavicle Anterior sternum Intertubercular sulcus of humerus
26
What are the attachments of pectoralis minor?
3rd-5th ribs Coracoid process of scapula
27
Which nerve supplies serratus anterior?
Long thoracic nerve
28
Which muscle anchors and depresses the clavicle?
Subclavius
29
Damage to which nerve causes winging of the scapula?
Long thoracic nerve
30
What are the borders of the axilla?
Lateral - intertubercular groove of the humerus Medial - Serratus anterior and thoracic wall Anterior - Pectoralis major Posterior - Subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi
31
List the contents of the axilla
Axillary artery Axillary vein Brachial plexus Axillary lymph nodes Biceps brachii (short head) Coracobrachialis
32
What is the quadrangular space?
Gap in the posterior wall of axilla that the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery pass through to the posterior arm
33
What is the clavipectoral triangle?
Opening in the anterior wall of the axilla Cephalic vein enters axilla here and the medial and lateral pectoral nerves leave
34
Which nerve is most at risk during axillary clearance?
Long thoracic
35
What are the borders of the triangular interval?
Superior - inferior border of teres major Lateral - shaft of humerus and lateral head of triceps brachii Medial - lateral border of the long head of triceps brachii
36
Which structures pass through the triangular interval?
Radial nerve Profunda brachii artery
37
What are the borders of the triangular space?
Lateral - medial margin of the long head of triceps brachii Inferior - superior margin of teres major Superior - inferior border of teres minor
38
Which structures pass through the triangular space?
Circumflex scapular artery and vein
39
Which nerve supplies the trapezius?
Accessory nerve
40
Which nerve supplies latissimus dorsi?
Thoracodorsal nerve
41
What are the actions of the rhomboid muscles of the back?
Retract and rotate the scapula
42
Which nerve supplies teres major?
Lower subscapular nerve
43
Which muscles does the axillary nerve innervate?
Deltoid Teres minor
44
Which nerve supplies the 'regimental badge area'?
Upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm
45
Where does the axillary nerve lie in relation to the axillary artery?
Posterior
46
What are the functions of the biceps brachii?
Forearm supination Elbow and shoulder flexion
47
Which spinal cord segment does the biceps reflex test?
C5, C6
48
What are the attachments of coracobrachialis?
Coranoid process of scapula Medial humeral shaft
49
Which arm muscle forms the floor of the ACF?
Brachialis
50
What are the attachments of brachialis?
Humeral shaft Ulnar tuberosity
51
What does 'popeye sign' suggest?
Rupture of biceps tendon
52
Which artery supplies the posterior compartment of the arm?
Profunda brachii artery
53
Which nerve innervates triceps brachii?
Radial nerve
54
Which spinal segment does the triceps tendon reflex test?
C7, T1
55
What are the borders of the antecubital fossa?
Lateral - brachioradialis Medial - pronator teres Superior - line between epicondyles of humerus Roof - bicipital aponeurosis Floor - brachialis, supinator
56
What are the contents of the antecubital fossa? (lateral to medial)
Radial nerve Biceps tendon Brachial artery Median nerve
57
What is Volkmann's ischaemic contracture?
Uncontrolled flexion of the hand It is caused by damage to the brachial artery - often supracondylar fracture
58
Which nerve is tested by asking the patient to make an OK sign?
Anterior interosseous nerve
59
Name a vein that is a common site for venepuncture in the arm
Median cubital vein
60
What does the proximal ulna articulate with?
Trochlea of humerus
61
Which muscle attaches to the olecranon of the ulna?
Triceps brachii
62
What is Monteggia's fracture?
Fracture of proximal shaft of ulna Dislocation of radial head at elbow
63
What is Galeazzi's fracture?
Distal radius fracture Dislocation of ulnar head at the distal radio-ulnar joint
64
Which muscle attaches to the radial tuberosity?
Biceps brachii muscle
65
Which carpal bones does the radius articulate with?
Scaphoid Lunate
66
What is a Colle's fracture?
Distal radius fracture with posterior (dorsal) displacement of hand and wrist
67
What is a Smith's fracture?
Distal radius fracture with anterior (volar) displacement of the hand and wrist
68
Which articular surfaces are involved in the proximal radio-ulnar joint?
Radial head Radial notch of ulna
69
Which articular surfaces are involved in the distal radio-ulnar joint?
Ulnar notch of radius Ulnar head
70
Which structure prevents the ulna from articulating with the carpal bones?
Articular disc
71
What type of synovial joint is the wrist joint?
Ellipsoidal (condyloid)
72
Why is the scaphoid at risk of avascular necrosis?
Retrograde blood supply which enters distally
73
Where do the superficial forearm muscles collectively attach proximally?
Medial epicondyle
74
Which two structures pass between the two heads of flexor digitorum superficialis?
Median nerve Ulnar artery
75
Where does flexor digitorum superficialis attach distally?
Base of the middle phalanx of the four digits
76
Where does flexor digitorum profundus attach distally?
Base of the distal phalanx of the four digits
77
Which muscle flexes the distal IP joints?
Flexor digitorum profundus
78
Which branch of the median nerve innervates the deep layer of muscles in the anterior forearm?
Anterior interosseous nerve
79
Which structure passes betweenthe two heads of supinator?
Radial nerve
80
Which nerve supplies the thenar muscles?
Recurrent branch of the median nerve
81
Why is the palm of the hand spared in carpal tunnel syndrome?
It is supplies by the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve which does not travel through the carpal tunnel
82
Which muscles in the hand does the median nerve supply?
Thenar muscles Lateral two lumbricals
83
Which muscles in the anterior forearm are supplied by the ulnar nerve?
Flexor carpi ulnaris Medial half of flexor digitorum profundus
84
Which carpal bone is formed within the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris?
Pisiform
85
What is a Boxer's fracture?
Fracture of the 5th metacarpal neck
86
What is Bennett's fracture?
Fracture of the 1st metacarpal base
87
What are the borders of the anatomical snuffbox?
Medial - tendon of extensor pollicis longus Lateral - tendons of extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus Proximal - styloid process of the radius
88
What are the contents of the anatomical snuff box?
Radial artery Superficial branch of the radial nerve Cephalic vein
89
Where do the lumbricals originate from?
Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus
90
What is the action of palmaris brevis?
Deepens the curvature of the hand
91
Where does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
Lower border of teres major
92
Which artery travels with the radial nerve in the radial groove of the humerus and supplies the structures in the posterior aspect of the upper arm?
Profunda brachii
93
Which structures are found within the axillary sheath?
Axillary artery and the 3 cords of the brachial plexus
94
At which landmark is the subclavian artery renamed the axillary artery?
Lateral border of the clavicle

Anatomy (10 decks)

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