Head Flashcards
List the 5 layers of the SCALP
S - skin
C - dense Connective tissue
A - epicranial aponeurosis
L - loose areolar connective tissue
P
Which bones form the pterion?
Temoral, front, parietal, sphenoid
Which arteries supply the scalp?
Superficial temoral
Posterior auricular
Occipital
Where does the parotid duct open into the oral cavity?
Opposite the upper second molar tooth
What is the chorda tympani?
A branch of the facial nerve which transmits sensory fibres for taste from the tongue
What are the limbs of the gag reflex?
Afferent - glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
Efferent - vagus nerve (CN X)
Which nerve passes through the parotid gland?
Facial nerve (CN VII)
What is the Stensen duct?
Parotid duct
Which artery arises from the external carotid artery within the parotid gland?
Posterior auricular artery
What are the two terminal branches of external carotid?
Maxillary artery
Superficial temoral artery
Which vein is formed within the parotid gland?
Retromandibular vein
Which two structures pass along the medial aspect of the sublingual gland?
Lingual nerve
Submandibular duct
What is a ranula?
Mucocele of sublingual glands
Which arteries supply the sublingual gland?
Submental
Sublingual
Which nerves are closely related to the submandibular gland?
Lingual nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Facial nerve
Which structure increases the surface area of the nasal cavity?
Nasal conchae
Where in the nasal cavity does the nasolacrimal duct open?
Inferior meatus
What nerves are found in the cribiform plate?
Olfactory
Which structures pass through the sphenopalatine foramen?
Sphenopalatine artery
Nasopalatine nerve
Superior nasal nerve
Which structures pass through the incisive canal?
Nasopalatine nerve
Greater palatine artery
What is Kiesselbach’s area?
Anterior third of the nasal cavity - where epistaxis is most likely to occur
Which structure marks the opening of the frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoidal sinuses in the nasal cavity and where is it?
Semilunar hiatus
Located on the lateral wall of the middle meatus
Which bone is the cribiform plate part of?
Ethmoid
Name the 4 paranasal sinuses
Maxillary
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Why can sinusitis present with toothache?
Maxillary nerve supplies the maxillary sinus and maxillary teeth
Which structures pass through the greater palatine foramen?
Greater palatine nerve and vessels
Which structures pass through the lesser palatine foramina?
Lesser palatine nerve
Which nerve supplies the majority of muscles of the soft palate?
Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve
How many teeth do adults have?
16
Where does the temporalis muscle attach to the mandible?
Coronoid process
Which muscle attaches to the neck of the mandibular ramus?
Lateral pteygoid
Which muscle inserts into the angle of the mandible?
Medial pterygoid
Which nerve supplies motor innervation to the tongue?
Hypoglossal
Which nerve supplies sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Glossopharyngeal
Which nerves supply sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Touch - lingual nerve - branch of mandibular nerve (CN V3)
Taste - chorda tympani - branch of facial nerve (CN VIII)
What is the blood supply to the tongue?
Lingual artery - ECA
Lingual vein - IJV
Name the structure which marks the junction between the anterior and posterior tongue based on embryological origin
Foramen cecum
Which embryological structure do the muscles of mastication originate from?
First pharyngeal arch
Which nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?
Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V3)
Which structures pass through the optic canal?
Optic nerve
Ophthalmic artery
Which structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?
Lacrimal nerve
Frontal nerve
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Nasociliary nerve
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
Superior ophthalmic vein
Which structures pass through the inferior orbital fissure?
Zygomatic branch of maxillary nerve
Inferior ophthalmic vein
Sympathetic nerves
Which structure in the eyeball do the extraocular muscles attach?
Sclera
What is the function of the cornea?
Retraction of light entering the eye
What is the function of the choroid in the eye?
Provides nourishment to the outer layers of the retina
What is the function of the ciliary body?
Controls the shape of the lens
Contributes to the formation of aqueous humour
Where is the macula found?
Centre of the retina
Name the depression in the macula that contains a high concentration of light detecting cell
Fovea centralis
Where does aqueous humour drain?
Schlemms canal
Where does the nasolacrimal duct empty into?
Inferior meatus of the nasal cavity
Name the glands that around the eyelash
Meibomian glands
What the the innervation of levator palpebrae superioris?
Superior branch of oculomotor nerve (CN III)
What is the innervation of the eyelid?
Upper - V1
Lower - V2
Which nerve supplies superior, medial and inferior rectus?
Oculomotor CN III
Which nerve supplies lateral rectus?
Abducens CN VI
Which nerve supplies superior oblique?
Trochlear CN IV
Which nerve supplies inferior oblique?
Oculomotor CN III
What is the triad of symptoms in Horner’s syndrome?
Partial ptosis
Miosis (constriction)
Which eyelid muscle is innervated by SNS?
Superior tarsal muscle
Which structures pass through the superior oribital fissure of the sphenoid bone?
CN III, IV, V1, VI
Ophthalmic veins
Sympathetic fibres
Which structure passes through the foramen rotundum?
CN V2 - Maxillary nerve
Which nerve passes through the foreamen ovale of the sphenoid bone?
CN V3 - Mandibular nerve
Which structures pass through the foremen spinosum?
Middle meningeal artery and vein
Meningeal branch of CN V3
Which structures pass through the carotid canal?
Internal carotid artery
Deep petrosal nerve
Name a forament in the middle cranial fossa that is filled with cartilage
Foramen lacerum
Which structures pass through the internal acoustic meatus of the temporal bone?
Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Labyrinthine artery
Which structures pass through the foramen magnum of the occipital bone?
Medulla
Meninges
Vertebral arteries
Spinal accessory nerve (ascending)
Dural veins
Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
Which structures pass through the jugular foramina?
CN IX
CN X
CN XI
What causes cauliflower ear deformity?
Auricular haematoma leads to AVN of the external ear cartilage
What is the main function of the inner ear?
Transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
What is the smallest bone in the human body?
Stapes
Name the two muscles involved in the acoustic reflex which acts to dampen signals from loud noise
Stapedius
Tensor tympani
Which structures pass through the optic canal?
Optic nerve
Ophthalmic artery
Name the sweat glands in the eyelid
Ciliary glands of Moll
Name the sebaceous glands in the eyelid
Glands of Zeis
Where are the Meibomian glands found?
Tarsal plates of the eyelid
What is the function of the Meibomian glands?
Secrete an oily substance onto the eye to slow the evaporation of the eye’s tear film
What is a chalazion?
Painless granuloma of the Meibomian glands
Which nerves supply the superior tarsal muscle?
Sympathetic nerves from superior cervical ganglion
Which structure do the extraocular nerve attach to?
Sclera
Which structure produces aqueous humor?
Ciliary body
Describe a third nerve palsy
Eyeball down and out
Partial ptosis
Describe a fourth nerve palsy
Diplopia when looking down
Head tilt away from site of lesion
Describe a sixth nerve palsy
Adduction
Which structure in the anterior cranial fossa does the tentorium cerebelli attach?
Lesser wings of sphenoid (anterior clinoid processes)
