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Anatomy > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are derived from endoderm?

A

Epithelial lini of digestive and respiratory tract
Lining of urethra, bladder reproductive system
Liver
Pancreas

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2
Q

Which structures are derived from mesoderm?

A

Notochord
Musculoskeletal system
Muscular layer of viscera
Circulatory system

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3
Q

Which structures are derived from ectoderm?

A

Epidermis of skin
Cornea and lens
Nervous system

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4
Q

When does granulation occur?

A

Week 3

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5
Q

Which embryological structure forms the paired spinal nerves?

A

Somites

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6
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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7
Q

Which structure do the ribs and vertebrae form from?

A

Sclerotome

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8
Q

Which structure are somites formed from?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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9
Q

Which structure is formed from the dorsal portion of the somite?

A

Dermomyotomes

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10
Q

C5 myotome

A

Shoulder abduction

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11
Q

Elbow extension myotome

A

C7

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12
Q

Finger abduction myotome

A

T1

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13
Q

C8 myotome

A

Finger flexion

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14
Q

C6 myotome

A

Elbow flexion

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15
Q

L2 myotome

A

Hip flexion

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16
Q

L3 myotome

A

Knee extension

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17
Q

Ankle dorsiflexion myotome

A

L4

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18
Q

L5 myotome

A

Great toe extension

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19
Q

S1 myotome

A

Ankle plantarflexion

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20
Q

By which day has the trimlaminar disc formed?

A

20

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21
Q

Do upper or lower limbs develop first?

A

Upper

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22
Q

When are the limbs well differentiated?

A

Week 8

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23
Q

What is amelia?

A

Congenital absence of one or more limbs

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24
Q

What is meromelia?

A

Partial absence of one or more limb structures

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25
Q

What is syndactyly?

A

Fusion of digits

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26
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

Increased number of digits

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27
Q

When is development of the face complete?

A

6 weeks

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28
Q

When are the nasal and oral cavities distinct from one another?

A

12th week

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29
Q

How many pharyngeal arches are there?

A

6

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30
Q

Which three structures are associated with each pharyngeal arch?

A

Branch of aorta
Cranial nerve
Cartilage bar

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31
Q

What causes cleft lip?

A

Failure of the medial nasal prominence to fuse with the maxillary prominence

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32
Q

What causes cleft palate?

A

Failure of the palatal shelves to fuse in the midline

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33
Q

What is the primitive mouth called?

A

Stomatodeum

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34
Q

Name the six regions of the primitive heart tube

A

Aortic roots
Truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
Ventricle
Atrium
Sinus Venosus

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35
Q

1st and 2nd aortic arch

A

Maxillary, hyoid and stapedial arteries

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36
Q

3rd aortic arch

A

Common carotid artery
Part of the proximal internal carotid artery

37
Q

4th aortic arch

A

Right - right subclavian
Left - arch of aorta

38
Q

5th aortic arch

A

Never forms or incompletely forms and regresses

39
Q

6th aortic arch

A

Right - right pulmonary artery
Left - left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus

40
Q

Which arches do the left and right RLNs hook under?

A

Right - 4th arch - right subclavian artery
Left - 6th arch - ductus arteriosum

41
Q

Which structures are connected by the ductus venosus?

A

Umbilical vein and IVC

42
Q

Which substance causes the ductus venosus to close at birth?

A

Bradykinin

43
Q

What is the adult remnant of the umbilical vein?

A

Ligamentum teres

44
Q

Which primitive structure gives rise to the kidneys?

A

Urogenital ridge

45
Q

Which structure is the collecting system of the kidney derived from?

A

Ureteric bud

46
Q

Which structure is the excretory system of the kidney derived from?

A

Metanephric blastema

47
Q

Where are accessory renal arteries found?

A

Pelvis

48
Q

Which vessel would a horseshoe kidney be found underneath?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

49
Q

Which structure originally drains the urinary bladder in the foetus?

A

Allantois

50
Q

What is the remnant of the allantois called?

A

Urachus

51
Q

In adults, what is the name given to the remnant of the urachus?

A

Median umbilical ligament

52
Q

What structure is formed by the mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts in men?

A

Ejaculatory ducts

53
Q

What causes the mesonephric ducts to degenerate in women?

A

Lack of testicular androgens

54
Q

Which structure arises from the 1st pharyngeal cleft?

A

External auditory meatus

55
Q

What does the first pharyngeal arch form?

A

All the muscles innervated by the trigeminal nerve
Maxilla, zygoma, temoral bone
Maxillary artery
Malleus, incus

56
Q

Which embryological arteries are associated with the second pharyngeal arch?

A

Stapedial artery
Hyoid artery

57
Q

Which structures are formed by the cartilage of the second pharyngeal arch? (Reicherts cartilage)

A

Stapes
Styloid process
Stylohypoid ligament
Upper bost and lessor horns of hyoid

58
Q

Which nerve is associated with the second pharyngeal arch?

A

Facial

59
Q

Which artery is formed from the third pharyngeal arch?

A

Common carotid artery

60
Q

What is formed from the cartilage of the 3rd pharyngeal arch?

A

Lower bodt and greater horn of hyoid

61
Q

Which nerve is associated with the third pharyngeal arch?

A

Glossopharyngeal

62
Q

Which muscle is formed from the third pharyngeal arch?

A

Stylopharyngeus

63
Q

Which arteries are formed from the 4th pharyngeal arch?

A

Right - proximal portion of subclavian artery
Left - aortic arch

64
Q

Which structured are formed from the cartilage of the 4th pharyngeal arch?

A

Laryngeal cartilages

65
Q

Which nerve is associated with the 4th pharyngeal arch?

A

Superior laryngeal branch of the vagus

66
Q

Which arteries are formed by the 6th pharyngeal arch?

A

Right - proximal pulmonary arteries
Left - ductus arteriosus

67
Q

Which nerve is associated with the 6th pharyngeal arch?

A

Recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus

68
Q

Which structures are derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch?

A

Eustachion tube
Middle ear cavity

69
Q

Which structures are derived from the 2nd pharyngeal pouch?

A

Lining of the palatine tonsils

70
Q

Which structures are derived from the 3rd pharyngeal pouch?

A

Dorsal - inferior parathyroid glands
Ventral - thymus

71
Q

Which structures are derived from the 4th pharyngeal pouch?

A

Dorsal - superior parathyroid glands
Ventral - C cells of thyroid

72
Q

Where are brachial/pharyngeal cysts found?

A

Anterior border of SCM

73
Q

Which structure in the embryo becomes the anterior pituitary?

A

Rathke’s pouch

74
Q

Which structure in the embryo becomes the posterior pituitary?

A

Infundibulum

75
Q

Which cells in the alveoli produce surfactant?

A

Type II pneumocytes

76
Q

Which gene stimulates the primitive sex cords to form testis cords?

A

SRY gene on Y chromosome

77
Q

Which structure is formed from the testis cords in puberty?

A

Seminiferous tubules

78
Q

Which cells in the testis cords produce testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

79
Q

What do the mesonephric ducts become in males?

A

Efferent ductules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicles

80
Q

What happens to the paramesonephric ducts in males and why?

A

Degenerate due to anti-Mullerian hormone produced by sertoli cells in the testes

81
Q

What is the appendix testes a remnant of?

A

Paramesonephric ducts (Mullerian)

82
Q

What is the remnant of the mesonephric ducts in females?

A

Gartner’s duct

83
Q

What do the paramesonephric ducts form in females?

A

Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Cervix
Upper portion of vagina

84
Q

What causes bicornuate uterus?

A

Incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts

85
Q

What causes hypospadias?

A

Incomplete closure of the urethral folds

86
Q

What is the remnant of the gubernaculum in males?

A

Scrotal ligament

87
Q

What is the remnant of the gubernaculum in females?

A

Ovarian ligament
Round ligament of uterus

88
Q
A

Anatomy (10 decks)

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