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Anatomy > Lower Limb > Flashcards

Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

A

Superior - inguinal ligament
Lateral - sartorius
Medial - adductor longus

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2
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle from lateral to medial?

A

Nerve, artery, vein, empty space, lymph nodes (NAVEL)

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3
Q

What structures does the femoral canal contain?

A

Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes

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4
Q

The saphenous opening is present in which structure?

A

Fascia lata

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5
Q

What is Trendelenburg sign?

A

When standing on one leg - the pelvis drops on the side that the leg is raised. This is due to weakness of the gluteaus medius and minimus on the side of the raised leg

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6
Q

Name the structure within the head of the femur where the ligamentum teres attaches

A

Fovea

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7
Q

Damage to which artery would cause avascular necrosis of the femoral head?

A

Medial femoral circumflex

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8
Q

What is the action of iliopsoas?

A

Flexion of the hip

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9
Q

Name the quadracepts muscles

A

Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
Rectus femoris

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10
Q

Which quadraceps muscle is involved in hip flexion?

A

Rectus femoris

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11
Q

Which nerve supplies the adductors of the thigh?

A

Obturator nerve (L2-4)

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12
Q

Name the 3 hamstring muscles from lateral to medial

A

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

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13
Q

What is the innervation of the short head of biceps femoris?

A

Common fibular nerve

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14
Q

What are the borders of the adductor canal?

A

Anteromedial - sartorius
Lateral - vastus medialis
Posterior - adduct longus and magnus

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15
Q

Which muscle creates the adductor hiatus?

A

Adductor magnus

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16
Q

Where is the lumbar plexus located?

A

Psoas major muscle

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17
Q

Which anterior rami form the sacral plexus?

A

L1-4

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18
Q

Which nerve roots form the iliohypogastric nerve?

A

L1
With contributions from T12

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19
Q

What are the motor functions of the iliohypogastric nerve?

A

Innervates IO and TA

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20
Q

What are the sensory functions of the iliohypogastric nerve?

A

Innervates the skin of the posterolateral gluteal and pubic regions

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21
Q

Which nerve root forms the ilioinguinal nerve?

A

L1

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22
Q

What are the motor functions of the ilioinguinal nerve?

A

Innervates IO and TA

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23
Q

What are the sensory functions of the ilioinguinal nerve?

A

Innervates the skin of the superior anteromedial thigh, root of penis, anterior scrotum, mons pubis and labia majora

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24
Q

What is the motor function of the genitofemoral nerve?

A

Genital branch innervates the cremasteric muscle

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25
Q

What are the sensory functions of the genitofemoral nerve?

A

Genital branch - skin of anterior scrotum, mons pubis and labia majora
Femoral branch - skin on upper anterior thigh

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26
Q

Which nerve in the lumbar plexus is purely sensory?

A

Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh

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27
Q

Which nerve roots form the genitofemoral nerve?

A

L1-2

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28
Q

Which nerve roots form the lateral cutaneous nerve?

A

L2-3

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29
Q

What are the sensory functions of the lateral cutaneous nerve?

A

Innervates the anterior and lateral thigh

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30
Q

Which nerve roots form the obturator nerve?

A

L2-4

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31
Q

What are the motor and sensory functions of the obturator nerve?

A

Innervates the muscles and skin of the medial thigh

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32
Q

Which nerve roots form the femoral nerve?

A

L2-4

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33
Q

What are the motor and sensory functions of the femoral nerve?

A

Innervates the muscles of the anterior thigh and the skin of the anterior thigh and medial leg

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34
Q

Where is the sacral plexus located?

A

Posterior pelvic wall, anterior to piriformis

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35
Q

Which nerve roots make up the sacral plexus?

A

Anterior rami of S1-4

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36
Q

Which nerve roots make up the superior gluteal nerve?

A

L4-S1

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37
Q

What are the motor functions of the superior gluteal nerve?

A

Innervates gluteus minimus, gluteus medius and tensor fascia lata

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38
Q

Which nerve roots make up the inferior gluteal nerve?

A

L5-S2

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39
Q

What are the motor functions of the inferior gluteal nerve?

A

Innervates gluteus maximus

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40
Q

Which nerve roots make up the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

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41
Q

What are the motor functions of the sciatic nerve?

A

Innervates the muscles of the posterior thigh, leg and sole of foot and the anterior and lateral compartments of the lower leg

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42
Q

What are the sensory functions of the sciatic nerve?

A

Innervates the skin of the posterolateral lower leg, lateral foot and foot

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43
Q

Which nerve roots form the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve?

A

S1-3

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44
Q

What are the sensory functions of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve?

A

Innervates the skin of the perineum, posterior thigh and lower leg

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45
Q

Which nerve roots form the pudendal nerve?

A

S2-4

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46
Q

What are the motor functions of the pudendal nerve?

A

Innervates the skeletal muscles of the perineum, external urethral and anal sphincters and levator ani

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47
Q

What are the sensory functions of the pudendal nerve?

A

Innervates the penis, clitoris and skin of the perineum

48
Q

Name the 3 other branches of the sacral plexus

A

Nerve to piriformis
Nerve to obturator internus
Nerve to quadratus femoris

49
Q

What structure connexts the apex of the patella to the tibial tuberosity?

A

Patellar ligament

50
Q

Which tendon travels behind the medial malleous to the foot?

A

Tibialis posterior

51
Q

Name the contents of the popliteal fossa from medial to lateral

A

Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerve

51
Q

What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?

A

Superomedial - semimembranosus
Superolateral - biceps femoris
Inferomedial - medial head of gastrocneumius
Inferolateral - lateral head of gastrocneumius and plantaris

52
Q

What structures are the most superficial in the popliteal fossa?

A

Tibial and common fibular nerves

53
Q

What is the deepest structure in the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal artery

54
Q

A Baker’s cyst is a benign swelling of which structure?

A

Semimembranosus bursa

55
Q

Which superficial vein drains into the popliteal vein within the popliteal fossa?

A

Small saphenous vein

56
Q

What is the function of the anterior lower leg muscles?

A

Dorsiflexion and invertion

57
Q

Which nerve supplies the muscles in the anterior compartment of the lower leg?

A

Deep fibular nerve (L4-S2)

58
Q

What are the attachments of tibialis anterior?

A

Proximal - lateral surface of tibia
Distal - medial cuneiform, base of 1st metatarsal

59
Q

What are the attachments of extensor digitorum longus?

A

Proximal - lateral condyle of tibia and medial surface of fibula
Distal - 2nd-5th toes

60
Q

What are the attachments of extensor hallucis longus?

A

Proximal - medial surface of fibular shaft
Distal - base of the 1st distal phalanx

61
Q

Which muscle in the anterior lower leg is not present in all individuals?

A

Fibularis tertius

62
Q

What sign is seen in the gait of someone with foot drop?

A

Eversion flick - flick the foot outwards when walking to overcome the footdrop

63
Q

Which anterior lower leg muscle produces eversion at the subtalar joint?

A

Fibularis tertius

64
Q

Which artery supplies the anterior compartment of the lower leg?

A

Anterior tibial artery

65
Q

Which muscle is responsible for inversion of the foot?

A

Tibialis anterior

66
Q

What is the function of the muscles in the lateral compartment of the lower leg?

A

Eversion of the foot

67
Q

What are the attachments of fibularis longus?

A

Proximal - superior and lateral surface of the fibula, lateral tibial condyle
Distal - medial cuneiform, base of 1st metatarsal

68
Q

What is the nerve supply to the lateral compartment of the lower leg?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

69
Q

What are the attachments of fibularis brevis?

A

Proximal - inferolateral surface of fibular shaft
Distal - tubercle on the 5th metatarsal

70
Q

Which two tendons pass posterior to the lateral malleolus?

A

Fibularis longus and brevis

71
Q

How can the common fibular nerve be located?

A

In the space between the proximal attachments of fibularis longus to the tibia and fibula

72
Q

What is the function of the muscles in the posterior lower leg?

A

Plantarflexion
Inversion of the foot

73
Q

Which nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the lower leg?

A

Tibial nerve

74
Q

Which artery supplies the posterior compartment of the lower leg?

A

Posterior tibial artery

75
Q

Which three muscles insert into the calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon?

A

Gastrocneumius
Soleus
Plantaris

76
Q

What are the attachements of gastrocneumius?

A

Proximal - femoral condyles
Distal - calcaneus

77
Q

What is the function of gastrocneumius?

A

Plantarflexion
Knee flexion

78
Q

What are the attachements of soleus?

A

Proximal - soleal line of tibia, proximal fibula
Distal - calcaneus

79
Q

Which muscle in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg is not present in all individuals?

A

Plantaris

80
Q

Which muscle in the posterior compartment of the lower leg forms the base of the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteus

81
Q

What is the function of popliteus?

A

Lateral flexion of the femur relative to the tibia

82
Q

What are the attachments of flexor digitorum longus?

A

Proximal - medial surface of the tibia
Distal - plantar surface of the lateral 4 digits

83
Q

What are the attachments of flexor hallucis longus?

A

Proximal - posterior surface of the fibula
Distal - plantar surface of the phalanx of the great toe

84
Q

Which muscle is the deepest muscle in the posterior compartment of the lower leg?

A

Tibialis posterior

85
Q

Which nerve roots does the calcaneal reflex assess?

A

S1-2

86
Q

Which talar bone is at high risk of avascular necrosis?

A

Talus

87
Q

A strain of which muscle can lead to an avulsion fracture of the 5th metatarsal?

A

Fibularis brevis

88
Q

Which nerve roots are involved in Babinski sign?

A

L4-S2

89
Q

Which artery is the largest contributor to the blood supply of the femoral head and neck?

A

Medial circumflex femoral artery

90
Q

Which myotome is associated with knee extension?

A

L3

91
Q

Damage to which artery can result in avascular necrosis of the femoral head?

A

Medial circumflex femoral artery

92
Q

Which nerves are implicated in referred pain from the hip to knee and knee to hip?

A

Sciatic nerve
Femoral nerve
Obturator nerve

93
Q

Name the fibrocartilaginous structure which stablises the hip joint

A

Acetabular labrum

94
Q
A
95
Q
A
96
Q

Which nerve is most likely to be damaged in a posterior hip dislocation?

A

Sciatic nerve

96
Q

Which type of hip dislocation is most common?

A

Posterior

97
Q

Which anastomosis supplies the knee joint?

A

Genicular

98
Q

Which ligament acts to prevent over-eversion of the foot?

A

Medial (deltoid) ligament

99
Q

Which ligaments prevent over-inversion of the foot?

A

Anterior talofibular
Posterior talofibular
Calcaneofibular

100
Q

Which joint is responsible for inversion and eversion of the foot?

A

Subtalar joint

101
Q

Which ligament joins the talus and calcaneus together?

A

Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

102
Q

Which ligament lies within the sinus tarsi?

A

Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

103
Q

Where is the tarsal tunnel located?

A

Posteromedial aspect of the ankle

104
Q

Where does the flexor retinaculum in the foot span from?

A

Medial malleolus to the medial tubercle of the calcaneus

105
Q

Which structures pass through the tarsal tunnel from anterior to posterior? (Tom, Dick and a Very Nervous Harry)

A

Tibialis posterior tendon
flexor Digitorum longus tendon
Posterior tibial artery and vein
Tibial nerve
Flexor Hallucis longus tendon

106
Q

Where would the sensory disturbance be present in Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome?

A

Sole of foot

107
Q

Where would the motor disturbance be present in Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome?

A

Wasting of the intrinsic foot muscles

108
Q

Name the two extrinsic muscles in the dorsum of the foot

A

Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis

109
Q

Which nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the dorsum of the foot?

A

Deep fibular nerve

110
Q

Which nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the sole of the foot?

A

Medial and lateral plantar nerve which are branches of the tibial nerve

111
Q

What is the action of quadratus plantae?

A

Flexion of lateral four toes

112
Q

What is the function of the lumbricals in the foot?

A

Flexion of MTP
Extension of IPJs

113
Q

Which nerve supplies the interossei?

A

Lateral plantar nerve

114
Q

Which muscle is likely to cause an avulsion fracture of the 5th metatarsal?

A

Fibularis brevis

115
Q
A

Anatomy (10 decks)

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