Thorax Flashcards
Which muscle attaches the inner border of the 1st rib?
Scalenus anterior
What sign can be seen on CXR in coarctation of the aorta?
Notching of ribs due to dilatation of the intercostal vessels to form collateral circulation causing erosion
List potential consequences of cervical ribs
Post-stenotic dilatation of the subclavian artery
Subclavian vein thrombosis
Pressure on lower trunk of brachial plexus causing wasting of small muscles in hand (C8/T1)
What level is the trachea?
C6-T5
What is the sternal angle?
Where the manubrium articulates with the body of the sternum - second costal cartilage
Which muscle attaches to the upper surface of the 2nd rib?
Serratus anterior
Name the 3 layers of intercostal muscles
External intercostals
Internal intercostals
Innermost intercostals
What passes through the caval hiatus? (T8)
IVC
Terminal branches of right phrenic nerve
What passes through the oesophageal hiatus? (T10)
Oesophagus
Right and left vagus nerves
Oesophageal branches of the left gastric vessels
What passes through the aortic hiatus? (T12)
Aorta
Thoracic duct
Azygous vein
Where does the thoracic aorta begin?
Lower edge of T4 vertebra
Where does the thoracic duct originate?
Cisterna chyli
Which veins join to form the azygos vein?
Right lumbar vein
Right subcostal vein
Which veins join to form the hemiazygos vein?
Left lumbar vein
Left subcostal vein
At what level does the hemiazygos vein join the azygos vein?
T8
Which veins join to form the accessory hemiazygos vein?
4th-8th intercostal veins
What level does the accessory hemiazygos vein drain into the azygos vein?
T7
How many pulmonary veins are there?
2 left, 2 right
Name a structure that increases the capacity of the right atrium
Right auricle
Name the muscular ridge which divides the inferior right atrium into two parts embryologically
Crista terminalis
What embryological structure is the sinus veranum dervied from?
Sinus venosus
Which part of the right atrium is posterior to the crista terminalis?
Sinus venarum
Which part of the right atrium is anterior to the crista terminalis?
Atrium proper
What embryological structure is the atrium proper dervied from?
Primitive atrium
Where does the coronary sinus open in the heart?
Into the right atrium between the IVC and the right atrioventricular orifice
What is the fossa ovalis a remnant of?
Foramen ovale
Which structure forms the posterior border of the heart?
Left atrium
Which structure forms the anterior border of the heart?
Right ventricle
Where is the supraventricular crest?
Right ventricle
What is the embryonic origin of the conus arteriosus and aortic vestibule?
Bulbus cordis
Which structure forms the apex of the heart?
Left ventricle
Which is the function of the papillary muscles in the heart?
Prevent prolapse of the valve leaflets during systole
What are the four abnormalities in Tetralogy of Fallot?
VSD
Overriding aorta
Pulmonary valve stenosis
RVH
Where is the SA node located?
Upper wall of right atrium where the SVC enters
Where is the AV node located?
Within the atrioventricular septum, near the opening of the coronary sinus
How long are impulses delayed at the AV node?
120ms
Which layer of the heart are the purkinje fibres located?
Subendocardial layer
Where do the veins in the heart drain into?
Coronary sinus
What is the main vein that drains the heart?
Great cardiac vein
Which artery is occluded in an inferior MI?
RCA
Which artery is occluded in a anterolateral MI?
Circumflex artery
Which artery is occluded in a posterior MI?
RCA
What level is the horizontal fissure in the right lung?
4th rib
Why are foreign bodies more likely to enter the right main bronchus?
Wider and more vertical course
Which nerve supplies the trachea?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Which artery supplies the trachea?
Inferior thyroid artery
