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Alimentary System > Upper GI Tract Structure and Function > Flashcards

Upper GI Tract Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What do the upper and lower oesophageal sphincters regulate?

A

Movement of material into and out of the oesophagus

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2
Q

What are the four layers of the oesophagus?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Adventitia

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3
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the mucosa of the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

The submucosa of the oesophagus contains what glands, and what is their function?

A

Mucous glands which secrete mucus via ducts to provide lubrication

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5
Q

What are the main functions of the stomach?

A

Temporary storage of ingested material
Dissolve food particles and initiate digestion
Control delivery of contents to small intestine
Sterilise ingested material
Produce intrinsic factor

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6
Q

What is the function of the fundus of the stomach?

A

Storage

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7
Q

What are the functions of the body of the stomach?

A

Storage

Production of mucous, HCl, pepsinogen and intrinsic factor

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8
Q

What are the functions of the antrum of the stomach?

A

Mixing/grinding of stomach contents

Production of gastrin

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9
Q

The oesophagus leads to what opening in the stomach?

A

Gastro-oesophageal/cardiac opening

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10
Q

The lower oesophageal sphincter leads into what region?

A

The cardiac region

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11
Q

What are the two curvatures of the stomach?

A

Lesser curvature

Greater curvature

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12
Q

The pyloric sphincter leads into the

A

duodenum

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13
Q

What are the three common components of the alimentary canal wall?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa

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14
Q

The fourth layer of the alimentary canal wall is dependent on what?

A

Whether the organ is intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

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15
Q

If an organ is intraperitoneal, the fourth layer of its wall is

A

serosa

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16
Q

If an organ is retroperitoneal, the fourth layer of its wall is

A

adventitia

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17
Q

The enteric nervous system is under control by what systems?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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18
Q

What is the innervation of the enteric nervous system from the parasympathetic system?

A

Vagus nerve

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19
Q

What nerves control salivation?

A

7th facial and 9th glossopharyngeal nerves

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20
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the alimentary system?

A

Stimulatory - increases secretion and motility

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21
Q

What is the innervation of the enteric nervous system from the sympathetic system?

A

Splanchnic nerve

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22
Q

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the alimentary system?

A

Inhibitory

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23
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

Fold of membranous tissue arising from the posterior wall of the peritoneal cavity which attaches organs to the posterior abdominal wall

24
Q

What are the main arterial supplies of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Coeliac trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery

25
Q

What three features of the small intestine act to increase the absorptive surface area along the alimentary canal?

A

Circular folds
Villi
Microvilli

26
Q

What feature of the small intestine causes the highest increase in the relative absorptive surface area of the alimentary canal?

A

Microvilli - increase relative absorptive surface area by 600

27
Q

The oesophagus acts as a conduit between what?

A

The pharynx and the stomach

28
Q

The muscularis externa of the superior oesophagus is composed of what kind of muscle?

A

Skeletal

29
Q

The muscularis external of the inferior oesophagus is composed of what kind of muscle?

A

Smooth

30
Q

What is the relation of the oesophagus to the aorta?

A

Oesophagus lies anterior to the aorta

31
Q

What phase of swallowing is voluntary and what happens in this phase?

A

Oral phase - bolus is pushed to the back of the mouth by the tongue

32
Q

What are the three phases of swallowing?

A

Oral phase
Pharyngeal phase
Oesophageal phase

33
Q

The presence of the bolus causes what in the pharyngeal muscles?

A

Sequence of reflex contractions, coordinated by the swallowing centre in the medulla

34
Q

What is closed off when the soft palate is reflected backwards and upwards?

A

Th nasopharynx

35
Q

As the bolus approaches the oesophagus, what sphincter relaxes?

A

The upper oesophageal sphincter

36
Q

The epiglottis covers what?

A

The opening to the larynx - preventing food from entering the trachea

37
Q

The upper oesophageal sphincter contracts once

A

food has entered the oesophagus

38
Q

What does the oesophageal phase involve?

A

The propulsion of the bolus to the stomach via a peristaltic wave which sweeps along the entire oesophagus

39
Q

As the bolus nears the stomach, what sphincter relaxes?

A

The lower oesophageal sphincter

40
Q

The relaxation of the stomach is initiated following

A

the relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter and entry of bolus into the stomach

41
Q

What reflexes cause the relaxation of the thin, elastic smooth muscle of the gastric fundus and body?

A

Vagal

42
Q

Relaxation of the smooth muscle of the gastric fundus and body increase stomach volume by how much?

A

From 50ml to 1500ml

43
Q

What are the main functions of the duodenum?

A

Gastric neutralisation
Digestion
Iron absorption

44
Q

What is the function of gastric neutralisation?

A

Allows pancreatic enzymes to function and prevents acid damage to duodenum

45
Q

Brunner’s glands secrete what? What cells is this product secreted from?

A

Bicarbonate

Secreted from the duct cells in the submucosal glands

46
Q

Bicarbonate combines with acid in the stomach to produce

A

carbonic acid, which then breaks down to produce water and carbon dioxide

47
Q

What cells are contained in the endocrine pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans

48
Q

What are the functions of the Islets of Lagerhans?

A

Produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

49
Q

What does somatostatin control?

A

The secretion of insulin and glucagon

50
Q

The exocrine pancreas is composed of what cells?

A

Acinar cells

51
Q

What are the lobules of the exocrine pancreas connected by?

A

Intercalated ducts

52
Q

What duct is formed by the joining of the interlobular ducts?

A

Main pancreatic duct

53
Q

The main pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct, these both join the duodenum at the

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

54
Q

What do the alpha and beta cells of the pancreas produce?

A

Alpha - glucagon

Beta - insulin

55
Q

What functions of the pancreas is the exocrine pancreas responsible for?

A

The digestive functions

Alimentary System (29 decks)

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