Anatomy Overview

Question 1

What are the functions of the upper and lower oesophageal sphincters?

Answer 1

Regulate movement of material into and out of the oesophagus

Question 2

What are the four layers of the oesophagus?

Answer 2

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Adventitia

Question 3

What epithelium type lines the mucosa of the oesophagus?

Answer 3

Stratified squamous

Question 4

The submucosa of the oesophagus contains mucous glands which

Answer 4

secrete mucous via ducts and provide lubrication

Question 5

What are the functions of the fundus of the stomach?

Answer 5

Storage

Question 6

What are the functions of the body of the stomach?

Answer 6

Storage 
Mucous production 
HCl production 
Pepsinogen production 
Intrinsic factor production

Question 7

What are the curvatures of the stomach?

Answer 7

Lesser and greater curvatures

Question 8

What is the last region of the stomach?

Answer 8

Pyloric region

Question 9

What are the lobes of the liver?

Answer 9

Left
Right
Caudate
Quadrate

Question 10

Where do blood vessels, lymph vessels, ducts and nerves enter and exit the liver?

Answer 10

Via the porta hepatis

Question 11

What is the only area of the liver not covered by connective tissue?

Answer 11

Bare area

Question 12

What are the main functions of the liver?

Answer 12

Blood filtration and detoxification

Production and secretion of bile

Question 13

What cells are in the endocrine portion of the pancreas and what do they produce?

Answer 13

Islets of Langerhans

Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

Question 14

What cells are in the exocrine portion of the pancreas?

Answer 14

Acinar cells

Question 15

Where do the main pancreatic duct and common bile duct join the duodenum?

Answer 15

Sphincter of Oddi

Question 16

What is the exocrine pancreas responsible for?

Answer 16

Digestive function of the pancreas

Question 17

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

Answer 17

Secretion of various substances into the blood

Question 18

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Answer 18

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

Question 19

Where in the small intestine does most of the nutrient absorption occur?

Answer 19

In the jejunum

Question 20

What is the longest part of the small intestine?

Answer 20

Ileum

Question 21

The absorptive surface of the small intestine is increased by;

Answer 21

circular folds, villi and microvilli

Question 22

The villi of the small intestine are responsible for absorption and the crypts are responsible for

Answer 22

secretion

Question 23

What muscle layer of the large intestine is incomplete?

Answer 23

The longitudinal muscle layer

Question 24

What is the name given to the 3 strips of longitudinal muscle running along the entire length of the outside of the colon?

Answer 24

Teniae coli

Question 25

The contractions of the teniae coli cause

Answer 25

the haustra

Question 26

What kind of epithelium is the mucosa of the large intestine composed of?

Answer 26

Simple columnar

Question 27

What are the main components of the large intestine?

Answer 27

``` Caecum Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon ```

Question 28

What are the common components of the alimentary wall?

Answer 28

Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa

Question 29

The fourth layer of the alimentary wall depends on what?

Answer 29

Whether the organ is intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

Question 30

If an organ is retroperitoneal, the fourth layer of the alimentary wall is

Answer 30

adventitia

Question 31

If an organ is intraperitoneal, the fourth layer of the alimentary wall is

Answer 31

serosa

Question 32

What features of the intestines act to increase absorptive surface area?

Answer 32

Circular folds Villi Microvilli

Question 33

What is the mesentery?

Answer 33

A fold of membranous tissue that arises from the posterior wall of the peritoneal cavity

Question 34

What are the main arterial supplies of the GI tract?

Answer 34

Coeliac trunk Superior mesenteric artery Inferior mesenteric artery

Question 35

To what lymph nodes do the stomach lymph vessels drain?

Answer 35

L and R gastric nodes, L and R gastroepiploic nodes and eventually to coeliac nodes

Question 36

To what lymph nodes do the duodenal lymph vessels drain?

Answer 36

Upwards via pancreaticoduodenal nodes to gastroduodenal nodes then coeliac nodes Downwards via pancreaticoduodenal nodes to superior mesenteric nodes

Question 37

To what lymph nodes do the jejunum and ileum lymph vessels drain?

Answer 37

Via intermediate mesenteric nodes to superior mesenteric

Question 38

To what lymph nodes to the lymph vessels of the caecum drain?

Answer 38

Superior mesenteric

Question 39

To what lymph nodes do the lymph vessels of the ascending colon drain?

Answer 39

Paracolic lymph nodes then superior mesenteric nodes

Question 40

To what lymph nodes do the lymph vessels of the transverse colon drain?

Answer 40

Proximal two thirds drain to middle colic nodes then superior mesenteric Distal third drains to colic nodes then inferior mesenteric

Question 41

To what lymph nodes do the lymph vessels of the descending colon drain?

Answer 41

Colic lymph nodes then inferior mesenteric

Question 42

To what lymph nodes do the liver lymph vessels drain?

Answer 42

Coeliac lymph nodes

Question 43

To what lymph nodes do the lymph vessels of the gallbladder eventually drain?

Answer 43

Coeliac lymph nodes

Question 44

To what lymph nodes do the lymph vessels of the pancreas eventually drain?

Answer 44

Coeliac and superior mesenteric nodes

Question 45

To what lymph nodes do the lymph vessels of the spleen drain?

Answer 45

Coeliac lymph nodes

Question 46

How can the examination of lymph nodes be useful clinically?

Answer 46

Enlarged lymph nodes felt on palpation can be a sign of disease/infection The extent of metastases can be determined surgically by resecting and examining the lymph nodes draining from the area of malignancy