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Alimentary System > Small Intestine Structure and Function > Flashcards

Small Intestine Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What functions does the pancreas have?

A

Endocrine and exocrine

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2
Q

The exocrine pancreas is responsible for

A

the digestive function of the pancreas

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3
Q

The exocrine pancreas secretes from

A

Acini -> ducts -> pancreatic sucts

glands via ducts, rather than directly into the blood

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4
Q

Pancreatic duct cells secrete bicarbonate which

What does this allow?

A

neutralises gastric acid and gastric contents

allows pancreatic enzymes to work

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5
Q

The acinar cells secrete

A

digestive enzymes

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6
Q

Acing cells contain digestive enzymes stored as

A

inactive zymogen granules

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7
Q

What does the storing of enzymes as their zymogen granules prevent?

A

Autodigestion of the pancreas

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8
Q

Enterokinase is bound to

A

the brush border of the duodenal enterocytes

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9
Q

What is the function of enterokinase?

A

Converts trypsinogen to trypsin

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10
Q

What does trypsin do?

A

Converts all other zymogens to their active forms

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11
Q

What are the different categories of pancreatic enzymes?

A 
Proteases 
Nucleases 
Elastases 
Phospholipases 
Lipases 
Alpha-amylase
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12
Q

What is the function of proteases?

A

Cleave peptide bonds

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13
Q

What is the function of phospholipases?

A

Convert phospholipids to fatty acids

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14
Q

What is the function of lipases?

A

Convert triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol

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15
Q

What group of pancreatic enzymes are responsible for hydrolysing DNA and RNA?

A

Nucleases

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16
Q

What group of pancreatic enzymes are responsible for converting starch to maltose and glucose?

A

Alpha-amylases

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17
Q

What group of pancreatic enzymes is responsible for collagen digestion?

A

Elastases

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18
Q

The endocrine functions of the pancreas involve the

A

secretion of various substances into the blood

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19
Q

Bicarbonate secretion is stimulated by

A

secretin

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20
Q

Zymogen secretion is stimulated by

A

cholecystokinin

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21
Q

Bicarbonate secretion is stimulated in response to

A

acid in the duodenum

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22
Q

Zymogen secretion is stimulated in response to

A

fat/amino acids in the duodenum

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23
Q

The pancreas is under neural control from vagal and local reflexes which are triggered by

A

arrival of organic nutrients in the duodenum

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24
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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25
Q

What is the longest part of the small intestine?

A

Ileum

26
Q

What are the functions of the duodenum?

A

Gastric acid neutralisation, digestion and iron absorption

27
Q

What is the function of the jejunum?

A

Nutrient absorption

28
Q

What is the function of the ileum?

A

NaCl and H2O absorption, chyme dehydration

29
Q

What features of the small intestine act to enhance its absorptive surface area?

A

Circular folds
Villi
Microvilli

30
Q

The fourth layer of the small intestine is

A

serosa

31
Q

The small intestinal epithelia contains

A

crypts

32
Q

What are the functions of goblet cells in the small intestine?

A

Create a diffusion barrier

Secrete mucous

33
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Lymphatic capillaries found beneath the epithelial surface of the villi which absorb dietary fats

34
Q

What area of the small intestine has the most extensive vasculature?

A

Jejunum

35
Q

The villi are responsible for absorption which the crypts are responsible for

A

secretion

36
Q

Give 6 things absorbed by the villi

A 
NaCl 
Monosaccharides 
Amino acids 
Peptides 
Fats 
Vitamins 
Minerals 
Water
37
Q

What is secreted by the crypt cells?

A

Cl ions and water

38
Q

Active pancreatic enzymes aid the digestion of

A

fat, proteins and carbohydrates

39
Q

The small intestine can exhibit both peristalsis and

A

segmentation

40
Q

Do segmentation and peristalsis happen simultaneously or at different times?

A

At different times

41
Q

Is peristalsis or segmentation more common during a meal?

A

Segmentation

42
Q

Segmentation involves the

A

contraction and relaxation of short intestinal segments

43
Q

Contraction moves the chyme into

A

adjacent relaxed areas on either side

44
Q

What is the function of segmentation?

A

Thoroughly mixes intestinal contents with digestive enzymes and continuously brings chyme into contact with absorbing surface so maximises absorption

45
Q

Segmentation contraction is generated by

A

pacemaker cells in the longitudinal muscle layer

46
Q

The intestinal basic electrical rhythm produces

A

oscillations in the membrane potential which release an action potential and cause contraction

47
Q

The action potential frequency in the intestinal basic electrical rhythm determines

A

the strength of contraction

48
Q

The frequency of segmentation is determined by

A

the basic electrical rhythm

49
Q

Which nervous system can increase the strength of segmentation contraction?

A

Parasympathetic system

50
Q

What kind of mechanism is the frequency of segmentation?

A

Intrinsic mechanism

51
Q

Peristalsis starts after

A

segmentation

52
Q

In peristalsis, the receiving segment relaxes with

A

the contraction behind the bolus

53
Q

Peristaltic waves are generated by

A

the migrating motility complex

54
Q

What is the migrating motility complex?

A

The pattern of peristaltic activity travelling down the small intestine, which starts in the gastric antrum

55
Q

Where does the migrating motility complex end?

A

At the terminal ileum

56
Q

Does the arrival of food in the stomach cause the cessation of the migrating motility complex or segmentation?

A

Migrating motility complex

57
Q

The migrating motility complex acts to move undigested food into the large intestine and limit

A

the bacterial colonisation of the small intestine

58
Q

What is the hormone involved in the initiation of the migrating motility complex?

A

Motilin

59
Q

What nerve is the main innervation from the parasympathetic system to the GI tract?

A

Vagus nerve

60
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the GI tract?

A

Stimulatory

61
Q

What nerve is the main innervation from the sympathetic system to the GI tract?

A

Splanchnic neve

62
Q

What effect does the sympathetic system have on the GI tract?

A

Inhibitory

Alimentary System (29 decks)

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