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Alimentary System > Large Intestine Structure and Function > Flashcards

Large Intestine Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What muscular layer of the large intestine is complete?

A

The circular muscle layer

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2
Q

What muscle layer of the large intestine is incomplete and how does it appear on the large intestine?

A

The longitudinal muscle layer - 3 strips of longitudinal muscle run along the entire length of the outside of the colon

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3
Q

What are the 3 strips of longitudinal muscle running along the outside of the large intestine known as?

A

Teniae coli

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4
Q

The contractions of the teniae coli cause

A

the haustra - puckered appearance of the colon

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5
Q

What epithelium is the mucosa of the large intestine composed of?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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6
Q

What cells provide the lubrication needed in the large intestine for the movement of faeces?

A

Goblet cells

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7
Q

What nerve is the main innervation from the parasympathetic system to the GI tract?

A

Vagus nerve

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8
Q

What nerve is the main innervation from the sympathetic system to the GI tract?

A

Splanchnic nerve

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9
Q

What effect do the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems have on the GI tract, respectively?

A

Parasympathetic - stimulatory

Sympathetic - inhibitory

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10
Q

What functions does the pancreas have?

A

Exocrine and endocrine

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11
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A

It actively transports sodium from the lumen into the blood causing the osmotic absorption of water and dehydration of the chyme to produce solid faeces

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12
Q

What are the main components of the large intestine?

A 
Caecum 
Ascending colon 
Transvers colon 
Descending colon 
Sigmoid colon
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13
Q

What is the ileocaecal valve?

A

Where the ileum and the large intestine join

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14
Q

What essential vitamin is obtained from the bacterial fermentation of undigested carbohydrates in the intestines?

A

Vitamin K

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15
Q

Why is vitamin K essential?

A

It is essential for the clotting of blood

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16
Q

What can be obtained from the bacterial flora in the intestines that acts as an energy source?

A

Short chain fatty acids

17
Q

The bacterial flora in the colon protects against

A

pathogenic bacteria in the colon

18
Q

What is the rectum?

A

Straight, muscular tube between the end of the sigmoid colon and the anal canal

19
Q

What is the epithelium type of the mucosa of the rectum?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

20
Q

How does the muscularis externa of the rectum compare to elsewhere in the alimental canal?

A

It is thicker in the rectum

21
Q

Is the muscularis externa of the anal canal thicker or thinner than that of the rectum?

A

Thicker

22
Q

What muscle type is the external anal sphincter formed from?

A

Skeletal muscle

23
Q

How does the epithelium of the anal canal change as you move down the canal?

A

Epithelium changes from simple columnar to stratified squamous

24
Q

Normally the anus is closed by the

A

internal anal sphincter

25
Q

What muscle type is the internal anal sphincter formed from?

A

Smooth muscle

26
Q

Which anal sphincter is under autonomic control and which is under voluntary control?

A

Autonomic - internal

Voluntary - external

27
Q

The rectal wall distends as a result of

A

the mass movement of faecal material into the rectum

28
Q

The distension of the rectal wall triggers the

A

mechanoreceptors responsible for the defaecation reflex which stimulates the urge to defaecate

29
Q

Is the defaecation reflex under sympathetic or parasympathetic control?

A

Parasympathetic via the pelvic splanchnic nerves

30
Q

What is caused by the defaecation reflex?

A

Contraction of rectum
Relaxation of internal anal sphincter
Contraction of external anal sphincter

31
Q

What is the defaecation reflex?

A

Increased peristaltic activity in the colon increasing the pressure on the external anal sphincter which relaxes under voluntary control and allows the expulsion of faeces

32
Q

What is diarrhoea?

A

The too-frequent passage of faeces which are too liquid

33
Q

What are the common causes of diarrhoea?

A 
Pathogenic bacteria 
Protozoans 
Viruses 
Toxins 
Food
34
Q

Enterotoxigenic bacteria produce protein enterotoxins which

A

maximally turn on intestinal chloride secretion from the crypt cells, causing increased water secretion

35
Q

Increased water secretion swamps the

A

absorptive capacity of the villi

36
Q

What solutions can be given to drive water reabsorption and cause rehydration?

A

Sodium or glucose solutions

Alimentary System (29 decks)

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