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Alimentary System > Upper GI Tract Pathology > Flashcards

Upper GI Tract Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Hiatus hernia

A

Causes a reflux of gastric acid into the oesophagus

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2
Q

Result of oesophageal reflux on squamous epithelium

A

Epithelium thickens

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3
Q

Severe oesophageal reflux

A

Ulceration

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4
Q

Complications of oesophageal reflux

A

Healing by fibrosis

Barrett’s oesophagus

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5
Q

Oesophageal reflux healing by fibrosis

A

Stricture formation
Impaired oesophageal motility
Oesophageal obstruction

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6
Q

Oesophageal stricture

A

A narrowing or tightening of the oesophagus that causes swallowing difficulties

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7
Q

Barrett’s oesophagus

A

Type of metaplasia - from squamous to glandular epithelium

Pre malignant condition

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8
Q

Histological types of oesophageal cancer

A

Squamous carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma (develops from Barrett’s oesophagus)

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9
Q

Risk factors for oesophageal cancer (squamous carcinoma)

A

Smoking
Alcohol
Dietary carcinogens

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10
Q

Risk factors for oesophageal cancer (adenocarcinoma)

A

Barrett’s metaplasia

Obesity

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11
Q

Local effects of oesophageal cancer

A

Obstruction
Ulceration
Perforation

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12
Q

Presentation of oesophageal cancer

A

Dysphagia - first food, then liquids

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13
Q

Ulceration

A

Exposes blood vessels to lumenal contents

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14
Q

Spread of ooesophageal cancer

A

Direct
Lymphatic
Blood

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15
Q

Direct spread of oesophageal cancer

A

To surrounding structures

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16
Q

Lymphatic spread of oesophageal cancer

A

To regional lymph nodes

17
Q

Blood spread of oesophageal cancer

A

To liver

18
Q

Metastases from oesophageal cancer

A

High proportion of presentations

19
Q

Type A gastritis

A

Autoimmune

20
Q

Type B gastritis

A

Bacterial

21
Q

Type C gastritis

A

Chemical injury

22
Q

Autoimmune gastritis

A

Organ-specific autoimmune disease
Autoantibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic factor
Associated with other autoimmune diseases

23
Q

Pathology of autoimmune gastritis

A

Atrophy of specialised acid secreting gastric epithelium

Loss of specialised gastric epithelial cells

24
Q

Loss of specialised acid secreting gastric epithelium

A

Decreased acid secretion

Loss of intrinsic factor leading to vitamin B12 deficiency (pernicious anaemia)

25
Q

Bacterial gastritis

A

Most common form

Helicobacter pylori related

26
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

Gram negative bacterium
Found in gastric mucus on surface of gastric epithelium
Produces acute and chronic inflammatory response
Increased acid production

27
Q

Chemical gastritis

A

Drugs (NSAIDs)
Alcohol
Bile reflux

28
Q

Peptic ulceration

A

Imbalance between acid secretion and mucosal barrier
Affects oesophagus, stomach, duodenum
Usually H. pylori associated

29
Q

Complications of peptic ulceration

A

Bleeding
Perforation
Healing by fibrosis

30
Q

Acute bleeding

A

Haemorrhage

31
Q

Chronic bleeding

A

Anaemia

32
Q

Perforation

A

Peritonitis

33
Q

Pathology of gastric cancer

A

Develops through phases of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia
Associated with previous H.pylori infection
Adenocarcinoma

34
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Glandular cancer

35
Q

Spread of gastric cancer

A

Direct
Lymphatic
Blood spread
Transcoelomic spread

36
Q

Transcoelomic spread

A

Spread within peritoneal cavity

Alimentary System (26 decks)

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