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GI > Upper GI biochem > Flashcards

Upper GI biochem Flashcards

1
Q

What is saliva?

A

mixture of salivary gland secretions, microorganism products and soluble food products in the mouth

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2
Q

What are the main functions of saliva?

A

lubrication, digestion of food/enzymatic activity, growth factor prod. for epithelial cells, neutralizes bacterial acids, mediates taste sensations, defense again bacteria

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3
Q

What are the 3 major salivary glands?

A

parotid
submaxilary
sublingual

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4
Q

What are the 2 innervations of the salivary glands?

A

glossopharyngeal and facial nn.

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5
Q

What is contained the the primary secretion in the salivary glands?

A

ptyalin (alpha amylase)
mucus
extracellular fluid
lingual lipse

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6
Q

What ions are secreted into the saliva?

A

potassium & bicarb

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7
Q

What ions are absorbed from the saliva?

A

sodium and chloride

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8
Q

What does lysozyme do?

A

kills gram postive but not gram negative bacteria (cleaves beta 1,4 linkages of sugars in cell wall)

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9
Q

Function of peroxidase?

A

kills bacteria by producing reactive bromide and iodine

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10
Q

Function of lactoferrin?

A

binds iron and prevents bacterial and some fungal growth

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11
Q

Function of IgA?

A

recognizes and binds bacteria to induce immune reactions

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12
Q

Function of defensins?

A

antimicrobial polypeptides that form pore complexes on microbial cell membranes

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13
Q

Function of mucins?

A

modulate adhesion of baceria to oral tissues including teeth (antimicrobial), also lubricates
contains Oglycostylated specific glycoproteins

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14
Q

What does bicarb in the saliva do?

A

neutralizes bacterial produced acids (esp gram negative)

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15
Q

Which virusses are carried in the saliva?

A

herpes, HSV, EBV, mumps, rabies, HIV

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16
Q

How does CF causes xerostomia?

A

mutant chloride transports to plasma

17
Q

How does Sjoegren’s syndrome cause xerostomia?

A

autoantibodies to salivary gland proteins

18
Q

How much saliva is produced per day?

A

I liter

19
Q

Where are endocrine like cells located in the gastric gland?

A

base

20
Q

What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion?

A

cephalic-via vagus, PNS excites pepsin and acid prod.
gastric-local nervous secretory reflexes, vagal reflexes, gastrin-histamine stimulation
intestinal-nervous &hormonal mechanism

21
Q

What two transmitters does the vagus nerve release? what is their effect?

A

ACh-stimulated secretion of parietal cell HCl and ECL histamine
Gastric releasing peptide-stimulated secretino of G cell gastrin

22
Q

What do D cells secrete? what inhibits/stimulates its release? effect?

A

somatostatin-stimulated by HCl, inhibited by nerve cell ACh

-inhibits secretin of G celll gastrin, ECL histamine, parietal HCl

23
Q

What do G cells secrete? What inhibits/stimulates its release? effect?

A

gastrin-stimulated by nerve cell GRP, inhibited by somatostatin
-stimulates secretion of D cell somatostatin, ECL histamine, Parietal cell HCl

24
Q

What do ECL cells secrete? what inhibits/stimulates its release? effect?

A

Histamine-stimulated by nerve Ach, inhibited by D cell somatostatin
-stimulates scretion of parietal cell HCl

25
Q

What do parietal cells secrete? what inhibits/stimulates this release? effect?

A

HCl-stimulated by nerve ACh, ECL cell histamine, G cell gastrin, inhibited by D cell somatostatin

26
Q

Approximately how long after a meal does food buffer the pH of the stomach?

A

2hrs

27
Q

Do oral cavity enzymes work in the stomach?

A

no, they are inactivated by the decrease in pH

28
Q

What cell type secretes intrinsic factor?

A

parietal cells

29
Q

What enzymes do fat digetion here?

A

lingual lipase

gastric lipase

30
Q

What enzymes break down carbs here?

A

alpha amylase

31
Q

What does protein digestion here?

A

pepsinogen (once converted to pepsin)

cleaves before hydrophobic AAs

32
Q

What converts pepsinogen to pepsin?

A

HCl or Pepsin

33
Q

What makes up gastric mucous?

A

mucins, phosphipids, electrolytes, water

34
Q

What does gastric mucous do?

A

lube, protect (w/bicarb and mucins)

35
Q

What are the key motor functions of the stomach?

A

storage
mixing and propulsion
emptying

36
Q

What regulates stomach emptying?

A

in stomach-stretching stimulates myenteric reflex& gastrin stimulate pylorus pum
in duodenum-uses enteric nervous system, exrinsic & vagus nerves in parallel to inhibit stomach contractions and increase pyloric sphincter tone

37
Q

Which endocrine cells are located in the body of hte stomach?

A

ECL

38
Q

Which endocrine cells are located in the antrum of the stomach?

A

D & G cells

GI (20 decks)

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