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APA1313 - Musculoskeletal Anatomy > upper extremity - the elbow > Flashcards

upper extremity - the elbow Flashcards

1
Q

what are the bones involved in the elbow?

A

humerus, ulna, & radius

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2
Q

where is the radius located when in anatomical position?

A

lateral (same side as thumb)

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3
Q

where is the ulna located when in anatomical position?

A

medial (same side as pinky finger)

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4
Q

what are the 3 synovial joints in the same articular cavity/capsule in the elbow?

A
  1. humeroulnar joint
  2. humeroradial joint
  3. proximal radioulnar joint
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5
Q

what kind of synovial joint is the humeroulnar joint?

A

hinge/trochlear joint

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6
Q

what kind of synovial joint is the humeroradial joint?

A

hybrid ball-and-socket joint

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7
Q

what kind of synovial joint is the proximal radioulnar joint?

A

troichoid joint

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8
Q

movements allowed by the humeroulnar joint

A

flexion/extension

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9
Q

movements allowed by the humeroradial joint

A

flexion/extension;

pronation/supination

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10
Q

movements allowed by the proximal radioulnar joint

A

pronation/supination

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11
Q

what two distinct articular surfaces does the distal humerus have?

A
  1. trochlea articulating with the trochlear notch of the ulna
  2. capitulum (head) articulating with the head of the radius
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12
Q

important anterior bony landmark for mid-to-distal humerus

A

medial: trochlea, coronoid fossa, medial epicondyles & supracondylar ridges
lateral: capitulum, radial fossa, lateral epicondyles & supracondylar ridges
origin of brachialis muscle

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13
Q

important posterior bony landmark for mid-to-distal humerus

A

olecranon fossa; medial & lateral epicondyles & supracondylar ridges;
origin of medial & lateral heads of triceps & anconeus muscles

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14
Q

what is the purpose of the medial & lateral epicondyles & supracondylar ridges?

A

serves as attachment sites for multiple forearm muscles

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15
Q

important bony landmarks of the radius

A 
head;
radial tuberosity;
styloid process;
superior aspect;
ulnar notch
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16
Q

important bony landmarks of the ulna

A 
olecranon process;
radial notch;
trochlear notch;
coronoid process;
ulnar tuberosity;
styloid process;
head
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17
Q

what happens during flexion of the humeroulnar joint?

A

the coronoid process of the ulna enters the coroing fossa of the humerus

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18
Q

what happens during extension of the humeroulnar joint?

A

the olecranon process of the ulna enters the olecranon fossa of the humerus

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19
Q

how is the humeroulnar joint’s bony congruency?

A

strong (joint is very stable)

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20
Q

how is the humeroulnar joint so stable?

A

it is enhanced by strong surrounding capsule and ligaments

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21
Q

where is the humeroulnar joint located?

A

located between the trochlear notch of the ulna & the trochlea of the humerus

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22
Q

where is the humeroradial joint located?

A

located between the fovea of the radial head & the capitulum of the humerus

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23
Q

how is the humeroradial joint’s bony congruency?

A

poor

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24
Q

why is the humeroradial joint’s bony congruency so poor?

A

this is due to the joint being stabilized by surrounding capsule, ligaments, & muscles

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25
Q

what dictates the movements at the humeroradial joint?

A

the humeroulnar joint & radioulnar joint (proximal & distal)

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26
Q

what happens during flexion/extension at the humeroradial joint?

A

this joint moves with the ulna

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27
Q

what happens during pronation/supination at the humeroradial joint?

A

this joint rotates along the longitudinal axis

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28
Q

where is the proximal radioulnar joint located?

A

located between the head of the radius & the radial notch of the ulna

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29
Q

movements allowed by the proximal radioulnar joint

A

pronation/supination with distal radioulnar joint

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30
Q

what holds the head of the radius in the proximal radioulnar joint?

A

held in the radial notch by the annular ligament & quadrate ligament

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31
Q

what allows for motion in the annular ligament to the proximal radioulnar joint?

A

deep surface lined with hyalin & fibrocartilage

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32
Q

where is the distal radioulnar joint located?

A

located between the head of the ulna & the ulnar notch on the radius

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33
Q

how is the radioulnar joint’s bony congruency?

A

poor

34
Q

what holds the distal radioulnar joint?

A

capsule, ligaments, & articular disc located between head of ulna & carpal bones

35
Q

what cartilage is found at the distal radioulnar joint?

A

triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC)

36
Q

what kind of cartilage is the triangular fibrocartilage complex?

A

fibrocartilage

37
Q

purpose of the triangular fibrocartilage complex

A

maintains head of ulna snuggly against ulnar notch of radius;
added stability for ulnocarpal joint

38
Q

physical property of triangular fibrocartilage complex

A

edge of disc are continuous with radioulnar capsular ligaments

39
Q

ligaments found at the elbow

A 
medial collateral ligament (anterior & posterior fibers);
radial collateral ligament;
lateral (ulnar) collateral ligament;
annular ligament;
quadrate ligament
40
Q

motions increasing tension at the medial collateral ligament (anterior fibers)

A

valgus & extension

41
Q

motions increasing tension at the medial collateral ligament (posterior fibers)

A

valgus & flexion

42
Q

motions increasing tension at the radial collateral ligament

A

varus

43
Q

motions increasing tension at the lateral (ulnar) collateral ligament

A

varus, flexion, & external rotation of elbow complex

44
Q

motions increasing tension at the annular ligament

A

distraction of radius

45
Q

motions increasing tension at the quadrate ligament

A

pronation/supination & distraction of radius

46
Q

range of motion at the elbow during flexion

A

active: 120°
passive: 140°

47
Q

range of motion at the elbow during extension

A

0° to -5° (hyperextension)

48
Q

range of motion at the elbow during pronation/supination

A

80°-90°

49
Q

what are the types of muscles of the elbow complex?

A

elbow flexors/extensors & forearm supinators/pronators

50
Q

what muscles are elbow flexors?

A

biceps brachii;
brachialis;
brachioradialis;
pronator teres

51
Q

what muscles are elbow extensors?

A

triceps brachii & anconeus

52
Q

what muscles are forearm supinators?

A

supinator & biceps brachii

53
Q

what muscles are forearm pronators?

A

pronator teres & pronator quadratus

54
Q

origins of biceps brachii

A

long head: supraglenoid tubercle (scapula)

short head: coracoid process (scapula)

55
Q

insertions of biceps brachii

A

radial tuberosity & bicipital aponeurosis

56
Q

actions of biceps brachii

A

shoulder flexion & abduction;

elbow flexion & supination

57
Q

origin of brachialis

A

distal half of anterior portion of humerus

58
Q

insertion of brachialis

A

coronoid process

59
Q

action of brachialis

A

elbow flexion

60
Q

origin of brachioradialis

A

lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

61
Q

insertion of brachioradialis

A

styloid process of radius

62
Q

action of brachioradialis

A

elbow flexion when elbow is in neutral position

63
Q

origins of pronator teres

A

medial epicondyle & coronoid process of ulna

64
Q

insertion of pronator teres

A

proximal third of radius on lateral surface

65
Q

action of pronator teres

A

elbow flexion & forearm pronation

66
Q

origins of triceps brachii

A

long head: infraglenoid tubercle (scapula)
lateral head: proximal half of posterior humerus
medial head: distal 2/3 of posterior humerus

67
Q

insertion of triceps brachii

A

olecranon process (ulna)

68
Q

actions of triceps brachii

A

extension in elbow & shoulder

69
Q

what assists during shoulder extension in the triceps brachii?

A

long head of the triceps brachii

70
Q

origin of anconeus

A

lateral epicondyle (humerus)

71
Q

insertion of anconeus

A

olecranon process (ulna)

72
Q

action of anconeus

A

assists triceps brachii in elbow extension

73
Q

origins of supinator

A

lateral epicondyle (humerus) & supinator crest (ulna)

74
Q

insertions of supinator

A

lateral, posterior & anterior aspects of proximal third of radius

75
Q

action of supinator

A

forearm supination

76
Q

origin of pronator quadratus

A

distal 1/4 of anterior aspect of ulna

77
Q

insertion of pronator quadratus

A

distal 1/4 of anterior aspect of radius

78
Q

action of pronator quadratus

A

forearm pronation

79
Q

what is the purpose of the interosseus membrane?

A

improves stability between radius & ulna;

provides greater surface area for muscle attachment of forearm, hand & finger muscles

80
Q

what increases stability between the radius & ulna?

A

interosseus membrane;
oblique cord;
distal oblique fibers;
hiatuses

81
Q

what is a hiatus?

A

opening in soft tissue for blood vessels & nerves

82
Q

what is little league elbow?

A

occurs when repetitive overhand throwing without adequate rest that results in injuries ranging from soreness to fractures to ripped ligaments

APA1313 - Musculoskeletal Anatomy (13 decks)

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