basic terminology & principles Flashcards
meaning of superior
upwards
meaning of cranial
towards the head
meaning of inferior
downwards
meaning of caudal
towards the feet
meaning of lateral
away from the body’s midline
meaning of medial
towards the body’s midline
meaning of posterior
towards the back of the body
meaning of anterior
towards the front of the body
meaning of proximal
towards the origin of the limb
meaning of distal
towards the extremity of the limb
meaning of deep
away from the surface of the body/limb
meaning of superficial
towards the surface of the body/limb
what is the action of flexion?
a decrease in joint angle between two bone segments
what is the action of extension?
an increase in joint angle between two bone segments
what is hyperextension?
an uncommon posterior extension that is beyond the anatomical position
what is the action of abduction?
when the bone moves away from the midline in the frontal plane
what is the action of adduction
when the bone moves towards the midline in the frontal plane
what is the action of medial rotation?
when the anterior aspect of the bone rotates towards the midline around the longitudinal axis
what is the action of lateral rotation?
when the anterior aspect of the bone rotates away from the midline around the longitudinal axis
what is the action of circumduction?
a combination of all fundamental motions to create a circle with a segment
what is the action of shoulder elevation?
upward motions of a joint
what is the action of shoulder depression?
downward motion of a joint
what is the action of protraction?
forward movement of a bone in the transverse plane
what is the action of retraction?
posterior movement of a bone in the transverse plane
what is the action of retraction?
posterior movement of a bone in the transverse plane
what is the action of inversion?
ankle movement involving the sole of the foot to face medially
what is the action of eversion?
ankle movement involving the sole of the foot to face laterally
what is the action of dorsiflexion?
ankle movement involving the dorsum of the foot to move towards the anterior aspect of the lower leg
what is the action of plantar flexion?
ankle movement involving the plantar aspect of the foot to move towards the posterior aspect of the lower leg
what is the action of supination?
external rotation of the forearm
what is the action of pronation
internal rotation of the forearm
what is the action of oppostion?
motion that involves the thumb to move towards the pinky finger
what is the action of horizontal abduction?
movement involving bone to move away from the midline in the transverse plane
what is the action of horizontal adduction?
movement involving bone to move towards the midline in the transverse plane
what is anatomical position?
starting position in which we study the human body;
position is standing upright & facing forward with palms supinated
what are the planes of the body?
sagittal, frontal, & transverse planes
what is the sagittal plane?
divides the body from left & right
what is the frontal plane?
divides the body anteriorly & posteriorly
what is the transverse plane?
divides the body between top & bottom
what are the axes of the body?
longitudinal, frontal, & sagittal axes
what is the longitudinal axis?
moves the body in the transverse plane
what is the frontal axis?
moves the body in the sagittal plane
what is the sagittal axis?
moves the body in the frontal plane
what is another name for the sagittal plane?
the anteroposterior plane
what is another name for the frontal plane?
the coronal plane
what are other names for the transverse plane?
the horizontal or axial plane
what is the midsagittal plane?
the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left & right portions
what is another name for the midsagittal plane?
the median plane
what is the parasagittal plane?
any sagittal plane dividing the body into unequal left & right portions
what are other names for the frontal axis?
the mediolateral or transverse axis
what is another name for the sagittal axis?
the anteroposterior axis
what are other names for the longitudinal axis?
the vertical or proximodistal axis
meaning of unilateral
a structure that occurs on one side
meaning of bilateral
paired structures having right & left members
meaning of ipsilateral
occurring on the same side of the body
meaning of contralateral
occurring on the opposing side of the body
what actions occur in the sagittal plane & frontal axis
flexion/extension
what actions occur in the frontal plane & sagittal axis?
abduction/adduction;
side flexion;
inversion/eversion
what actions occur in the transverse plane & longitudinal axis?
internal/external rotation;
horizontal flexion/extension;
supination/pronation
