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APA1313 - Musculoskeletal Anatomy > axial skeleton - the spine & ribs > Flashcards

axial skeleton - the spine & ribs Flashcards

1
Q

what does the superior articular facet of C1 articulate with?

A

the occipital bone

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2
Q

what does the inferior articular facet articulate with?

A

articulates with C2

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3
Q

function of the inferior articular facet in C1

A

allows for majority of movement in the cervical region

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4
Q

what are the bones in the cervical region?

A

C1-C7

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5
Q

what are the bones in the thoracic vertebrae?

A

T1-T12

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6
Q

what is another name for the thoracic vertebrae?

A

dorsal region

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7
Q

what are the bones in the lumbar vertebrae?

A

L1-L5

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8
Q

what are the bones in the sacral vertebrae?

A

S1-S5

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9
Q

what does the sacral vertebrae form?

A

five sacral vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum

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10
Q

what shape is the sacrum?

A

triangular-shaped

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11
Q

what is the coccyx?

A

four vertebrae inferior to the sacrum that are fused together to form the tailbone

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12
Q

what is lordosis?

A

posterior concave curvature of the spine

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13
Q

what is kyphosis?

A

anterior concave curvature of the spine

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14
Q

which parts of the spine are lordosis?

A

thoracic & sacral vertebrae

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15
Q

which parts of the spine are kyphosis?

A

cervical & lumbar vertebrae

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16
Q

what is the purpose of correct posture of the spine?

A

it minimizes & prevents injury on the joints

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17
Q

what is the invertebral foramen?

A

a hole in the spine where stuff travels through;

inferior to the pedicule

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18
Q

what is the atlas (C1)?

A

the most superior vertebra in the cervical vertebrae;

contains no vertebral body or spinous process

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19
Q

what is another name for the C1 vertebrae?

A

the atlas

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20
Q

what is another name for the C2 vertebrae?

A

the axis

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21
Q

what does the superior articular facet articulate with in the C1?

A

the occipital bone

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22
Q

what is the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae contain?

A

contains foramina

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23
Q

what are the dens/odontoid process?

A

a projection of an anterior body found in C2

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24
Q

what does the dens/odontoid process articulate with?

A

atlas (C1)

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25
Q

what is a common feature of all cervical vertebrae?

A

the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae

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26
Q

what is the shape of the vertebral body in the cervical vertebrae?

A

small & wide

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27
Q

describe the spinous process in the cervical vertebrae

A

short, forked, & projects directly posteriorly

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28
Q

describe the vertebral foramen in the cervical vertebrae

A

triangular shaped

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29
Q

what are the movements of the cervical vertebrae?

A

flexion/extension;
lateral flexion;
rotation

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30
Q

describe the vertebral body in the thoracic vertebrae

A

heart-shaped;

superior & inferior costal facets located near pedicle

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31
Q

describe the spinous processes in the thoracic vertebrae

A

long, sharp, & projects inferiorly

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32
Q

describe the vertebral foramen in the thoracic vertebrae

A

circular-shaped

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33
Q

describe the transverse processes in the thoracic vertebrae

A

costal facets for rib tubercle on anterior surfaces

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34
Q

which thoracic vertebrae are the transverse processes NOT found?

A

T11 & T12

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35
Q

where do the superior facets of the thoracic vertebrae face?

A

directed posteriorly

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36
Q

what are the movements of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

rotation;
some lateral flexion;
limited flexion/extension

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37
Q

describe the vertebral body in the lumbar vertebrae

A

massive & kidney-shaped

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38
Q

describe the spinous processes in the lumbar vertebrae

A

short, blunt, & rectangular;

projects directly posteriorly

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39
Q

describe the vertebral foramen in the lumbar vertebrae

A

triangular-shaped

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40
Q

describe the transverse processes in the lumbar vertebrae

A

thin & tapered with facets found

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41
Q

where do the superior facets of the lumbar vertebrae face?

A

directed posteromedially

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42
Q

what are the movements of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

flexion/extension;

some lateral flexion

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43
Q

which cervical vertebrae are considered to be atypical?

A

C1 & C2

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44
Q

which cervical vertebrae are considered to be normal?

A

C3-C7

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45
Q

what are characteristics of the cervical vertebrae?

A

mobility;
requires dynamic stability;
supports the head; prone to chronic condition due to posture

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46
Q

what are true ribs?

A

ribs 1-7;

attaches directly to the sternum

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47
Q

what are false ribs?

A

ribs 8-12;

attaches indirectly to the sternum

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48
Q

what are floating ribs?

A

ribs 11 & 12;

does not attach to sternum

49
Q

how do false ribs attach indirectly?

A

attaches onto costal cartilage of true ribs which are attached to the sternum

50
Q

what do the ribs protect?

A

heart & lungs

51
Q

how many ribs are there?

A

12 ribs

52
Q

what do the ribs attach onto?

A

sternum & thoracic vertebrae

53
Q

which muscles do the ribs serve as attachment sites for?

A

neck & head muscles

54
Q

what are the three parts of the sternum?

A
  1. manubrium
  2. sternal body
  3. xiphoid process
55
Q

what is the manubrium?

A

most superior aspect of sternum;

serves as attachment site for ribs 1&2

56
Q

what is the sternal body?

A

middle aspect of the sternum;
consists of 4 smaller bones fused together;
attachment site for ribs 2-7

57
Q

what is the xiphoid process?

A

most inferior aspect of the sternum;

doesn’t fully ossify until about age 40

58
Q

what is the costal groove in the ribs?

A

location for intercostal nerves & vessels;

found on inferior side of rib

59
Q

what is the angle of the rib?

A

a sharp curvature that provides elasticity

60
Q

what is unique about the 1st rib?

A

it’s atypically shaped

61
Q

what part of the rib attaches onto corresponding thoracic vertebral column?

A

head, neck, & tubercle of the rib

62
Q

what is the sacral promonotory?

A

the area where the 1st sacral vertebrae bulges into pelvic cavity

63
Q

what are the transverse ridges?

A

site of vertebral fusion

64
Q

what is the apex?

A

inferior tip of the sacrum

65
Q

what is the sacral ala?

A

superolateral aspect of sacrum;

projects laterally to form auricular surface

66
Q

what is the sacral hiatus?

A

an inferior opening of the sacral canal

67
Q

what is the auricular surface?

A

articulates with pelvic bone to form sacral iliac joint

68
Q

what is the median sacral crest?

A

the fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae

69
Q

what is the lateral sacral crest?

A

fused transverse processes

70
Q

what is the sacral canal?

A

extension of the vertebral canal

71
Q

what is the spinous tubercle?

A

swelling of bone at the tip of the process

72
Q

what is the superior articular process?

A

articulates with inferior articular process of L5 vertebra & disc

73
Q

which disc is the most commonly injured in the lower back?

A

disc L5-S1

74
Q

which joint is responsible for major back pain?

A

sacral iliac joint

75
Q

what is the typical intervertebral junction

A

contains transverse & spinous processes, apophyseal joint, & interbody joint

76
Q

purpose of the transverse & spinous processes in intervertebral junction

A

serve as levers for muscles & ligaments & its attachments in intervertebral junction

77
Q

what is another name for the apophyseal joint?

A

facet joint

78
Q

what is the apophyseal joint composed of?

A

two articulating facets;
capsule;
synovial membrane

79
Q

function of the apophyseal joint

A

dictates direction & range of motion in the spine

80
Q

how many pairs of the apophyseal joint are found in the spine?

A

24 pairs

81
Q

describe flexion/extension in the spine

A

forward and backward bending;

occurs in sagittal plane & medial-lateral axis

82
Q

describe lateral flexion of the spine

A

side bending movement to the right or left;

occurs in frontal plane & anterior-posterior axis

83
Q

describe axial rotation of the spine

A

rotation or torsion of the spine;

occurs in the horizontal plane & vertical axis

84
Q

what is the interbody joint?

A

a symphysis joint that connects a disc to two vertebral bodies

85
Q

purpose of the interbody joint

A

absorbs & distributes loads across segments

86
Q

what is the interbody joint a great source for?

A

adhesion & stability between segments

87
Q

what are vertebral endplates?

A

thin layers of cartilage that cover the inferior & superior aspects of the vertebral body

88
Q

what do vertebral endplates help with?

A

nutrition for the disc

89
Q

what are vetebral endplates vulnerable to?

A

degeneration

90
Q

what is the intervertebral disc?

A

contributes to even load distribution across the vertebrae;

composed of a nucleus pulposus & annulus fibrosis

91
Q

what is the nucleus pulposus?

A

inner gelatinous nucleus that gives the disc its elasticity & compressibility

92
Q

what is the annulus fibrosis?

A

15-20 layers of collagen that keeps the nucleus in place;

avoids an herniated disc

93
Q

what is a herniated disc?

A

protrusion of nucleus pulposus in intervertebral disc into the vertebral canal or a protrusion that pinches into spinal nerve root as its trying to leave the canal

94
Q

what are structures that limit motion in the intervertebral joints?

A

disc size;
strength & location of ligaments & muscles;
presence of rib cage;
geometry of vertebrae

95
Q

purpose of the ligaments of the spine

A

limits excessive motion;
maintains natural spin curvature;
protects spinal cord

96
Q

purpose of the anterior & posterior longitudinal ligaments

A

helps stabilize disc & limits its movements

97
Q

where are the anterior & posterior longitudinal ligaments located?

A

anterior: in front of vertebral body
posterior: behind vertebral body

98
Q

purpose of small intervertebral ligaments

A

helps support discs

99
Q

what spinal movements can lead to cervical vertebrae injury?

A

protraction/retraction

100
Q

which spinal region is the most stable

A

thoracic vertebrae

101
Q

how is the thoracic region so stable?

A

limited range of motion in individual facet joints;

rib cage restricting motion

102
Q

where is the atlanto-occipital joint located?

A

between the cranium and atlas (C1)

103
Q

what kind of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

condyloid synovial joint

104
Q

movements allowed by atlanto-occipital joint

A

flexion/extension;
limited lateral bending;
independent motion for the skull from the rest of the spine

105
Q

describe the articulation of the atlanto-occipital joint

A

articulation of the convex condyle of occipital bone onto concave superior articular facet of C1

106
Q

what are the 2 components of the atlanto-axial joint?

A
  1. a medial joint

2. facet joints

107
Q

what is the medial joint in the atlanto-axial joint composed of?

A

dens/odontoid process;
articular facet;
transverse ligament

108
Q

what is the purpose of the medial joint in the atlanto-axial joint?

A

main stabilizer

109
Q

what can damage from the transverse ligament lead to?

A

spinal cord damage

110
Q

where are the facet joints in the atlanto-axial joint located?

A

between inferior articular facet of C1 & superior articular facet of C2

111
Q

how much spinal rotation occurs from facet joints in atlanto-occipital joint?

A

50%

112
Q

what type of joint is the atlanto-axial joint?

A

pivot synovial joint

113
Q

purpose of the alar ligament

A

restricts rotation & stabilizes head-neck complex

114
Q

what are characteristics of uncovertebral joints?

A

don’t help or limit motion;

susceptible to degeneration

115
Q

how are uncovertebral joints susceptible to degeneration?

A

from bone spurs forming that limit motion

116
Q

what is spondylosus?

A

degeneration of structures that limit L5 vertebrae from slipping forward

117
Q

what is spindylolisthesis?

A

when the L5 vertebrae has already begun to slip forward

118
Q

what does the L5-S1 joint prevent?

A

prevents the L5 vertebrae from slipping forward by facets oriented in a specific manner

APA1313 - Musculoskeletal Anatomy (13 decks)

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