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APA1313 - Musculoskeletal Anatomy > anatomical terminology - bone markings, articulations, cartilage, & muscles > Flashcards

anatomical terminology - bone markings, articulations, cartilage, & muscles Flashcards

1
Q

definition of bone

A

strong connective tissue containing specialized cells;

contains a mineralized matrix of calcium phosphate & calcium carbonate

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2
Q

definition of muscle

A

contractile organs composed of muscle tissue, blood vessels, nerves, connective tissues & lymphatic vessels

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3
Q

definition of ligament

A

dense band of connective tissue fibres that attaches a bone to another bone

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4
Q

definition of tendon

A

a collagenous band that connects a skeletal muscle to a bone

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5
Q

definition of cartilage

A

connective tissue that is more flexible than bone & protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together

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6
Q

definition of a joint

A

an area where adjacent bones interact with one another

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7
Q

what is another name for joint?

A

articulation

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8
Q

definition of a joint capsule

A

a tough sheath or membrane that encloses a synovial joint

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9
Q

definition of a synovial membrane

A

a layer of connective tissue that lines the cavities of joints, tendon sheaths, & bursae;
secretes synovial fluid

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10
Q

definition of synovial fluid

A

secreted by synovial membrane;

used for joint lubrification, shock absorption, provides nutrients & collects metabolic waste

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11
Q

definition of fascia

A

connective tissue fibres composed of collagen that forms bands beneath the skin;
attaches, stabilizes, encloses, & separates muscles & other internal organs

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12
Q

what are the different bone types?

A

long, short, flat, irregular, & sesamoid bones

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13
Q

what are long bones?

A

bones with a length greater than its width;

consists of a shaft & two epiphyses

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14
Q

how are long bones stronger than other bones?

A

they have a curvature that allows for more stresses to be absorbed

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15
Q

what are short bones?

A

bones that approximately have the same length & width

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16
Q

short bones are only found where?

A

in the ankle & wrist

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17
Q

what are flat bones?

A

bones that are broad, flat, & thin in size

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18
Q

what are irregular bones?

A

bones with complex shapes that cannot be categorizes as long, flat or short bones

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19
Q

what are sesamoid bones?

A

round & flat bones that develop in certain tendons as a result of stress;
may not be fully ossified

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20
Q

examples of long bones

A

femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges

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21
Q

examples of short bones

A

carpals & tarsals

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22
Q

examples of flat bones

A

scapula, sternum, cranium, pelvis, ribs

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23
Q

examples of irregular bones

A

vertebrae, sacrum, mandible

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24
Q

examples of sesamoid bone

A

patella

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25
Q

what kinds of bone markings are there?

A

depressions, openings, & projections

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26
Q

types of depression bone markings

A

facet, fossa, fovea, groove, & notch

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27
Q

types of opening bone markings

A

canal, fissure, foramen

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28
Q

types of projection bone markings

A

condyle, crest, epicondyle, head, line, malleolus, process, protuberance, spine, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity

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29
Q

definition of a facet

A

a flat & smooth articular surface

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30
Q

definition of a fossa

A

shallow depression in a bone (often in an articular surface)

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31
Q

definition of a fovea

A

a small pit

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32
Q

definition of a groove

A

a canal between two bony protuberances;

accommodates blood vessels, nerves or tendons

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33
Q

definition of a notch

A

a depression in a bone that improves stabilization

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34
Q

definition of a canal

A

a passage in a bone

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35
Q

what’s another name for a canal?

A

a meatus

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36
Q

definition of a fissure

A

an open slit that houses nerves or blood vessels

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37
Q

definition of a foramen?

A

a round or oval opening in a bone

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38
Q

definition of a condyle

A

a rounded or protruding articular surface

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39
Q

definition of a crest

A

a sharp & elongated bony ridge

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40
Q

definition of an epicondyle

A

a bony protuberance superior to a condyle

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41
Q

definition of a head

A

a prominent rounded surface

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42
Q

definition of a line

A

a small crest

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43
Q

definition of a malleolus

A

a rounded process

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44
Q

definition of a process

A

a bony protuberance

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45
Q

what’s another name for a process?

A

an apophyseal

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46
Q

definition of a protuberance

A

an outgrowth from a bone

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47
Q

definition of a spine

A

a sharp protuberance

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48
Q

definition of a trochanter

A

a very large, blunt, irregular-shaped process

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49
Q

definition of a tubercle

A

a small, rounded process

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50
Q

definition of a tuberosity

A

a rough protuberance

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51
Q

meaning of abdominal

A

the abdomen

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52
Q

meaning of acromial

A

the shoulder

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53
Q

meaning of antebrachial

A

the forearm

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54
Q

meaning of axillary

A

the armpit

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55
Q

meaning of brachial

A

the arm

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56
Q

meaning of calcaneal

A

the heel

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57
Q

meaning of carpal

A

the wrist

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58
Q

meaning of cephalic

A

the head

59
Q

meaning of cervical

A

the neck

60
Q

meaning of coxal

A

the hip

61
Q

meaning of digital/phalangeal

A

the fingers or toes

62
Q

meaning of dorsal

A

the back, back of the hand, top of the foot

63
Q

meaning of facial

A

the face

64
Q

meaning of femoral

A

the thigh

65
Q

meaning of fibular

A

external aspect of the lower leg

66
Q

meaning of frontal

A

the forehead

67
Q

meaning of gluteal

A

the buttocks

68
Q

meaning of inguinal

A

the groin

69
Q

meaning of lumbar

A

the lower back

70
Q

meaning of mammary

A

the breast

71
Q

meaning of nasal

A

the nose

72
Q

meaning of occipital

A

back of the head

73
Q

meaning of orbital

A

the eye

74
Q

meaning of oral

A

the mouth

75
Q

meaning of otic

A

the ear

76
Q

meaning of palmar

A

inside of the hand

77
Q

meaning of pectoral

A

the chest

78
Q

meaning of pelvic

A

the pelvis

79
Q

meaning of popliteal

A

back of the knee

80
Q

meaning of plantar

A

sole of the foot

81
Q

meaning of sacral

A

the sacrum

82
Q

meaning of scapular

A

the scapula

83
Q

meaning of sternal

A

the sternum

84
Q

meaning of sural

A

the calf

85
Q

meaning of tarsal

A

the ankle

86
Q

meaning of umbilical

A

the navel

87
Q

meaning of vertebral

A

the spine

88
Q

meaning of zygomatic

A

the cheek

89
Q

definition of smooth muscle

A

non-striated, involuntary muscles found within the walls of internal organs

90
Q

definition of chondrocytes

A

mature cartilage cells

91
Q

definition of hyalin cartilage

A

most abundant, recovers the surface of most joints and allows for flexibility, support, reduces friction & absorbs shock

92
Q

definition of fibrocartilage

A

strongest & most durable type of cartilage to provide extra stability and support to a joint

93
Q

definition of elastic cartilage

A

helps to maintain shape by providing strength & elasticity

94
Q

what are the types of cartilage?

A

hyalin cartilage, fibrocartilage, & elastic cartilage

95
Q

definition of avascular

A

doesn’t receive nutrients from blood supply

96
Q

what are fibrous joints?

A

joints that allow little to no movement & are stabilized by thick connective tissue

97
Q

definition of a suture

A

two bones joined by connective tissue found only in the skull & can only be completely an osseous joint

98
Q

definition of syndesmosis

A

a small gap between the articulating bone with no cartilage

99
Q

definition of gomphosis

A

a joint between a cone-shaped peg & a socket

100
Q

what are the types of joints?

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, & synovial joints

101
Q

definition of cartilaginous joints

A

contains no articular cavity & only allows small amounts of movement

102
Q

definition of synchondrosis

A

bones linked together by hyalin cartilage

103
Q

definition of symphysis

A

bones united via a fibrocartilaginous disc

104
Q

definition of synovial joints

A

joints covered in hyalin cartilage & contains an articular cavity filled with synovial fluid

105
Q

definition of synarthrosis

A

immovable joints

106
Q

definition of amphiarthrosis

A

slightly moveable joints

107
Q

definition of diarthrosis

A

freely moveable joints

108
Q

definition of articular capsule

A

a sleeve-like structure around a synovial joint composed of a fibrous capsule and synovial membrane

109
Q

definition of tendon sheaths

A

tube-shaped structures found in the surrounding of tendons most at risk of friction & are susceptible to traumatic and chronic injuries

110
Q

what is tenosynovitis?

A

an injury to a tendon sheath

111
Q

what are the types of synovial joints?

A

planar, hinge, ball-&-socket, pivot, condyloid, & saddle joints

112
Q

definition of planar joints

A

allows gliding movements in one plane & don’t allow for angular motion

113
Q

definition of hinge joints

A

allows movement around one axis of rotation, flexion, & extension

114
Q

definition of pivot joints

A

allows for rotation along their longitudinal axis & are uniaxial

115
Q

definition of condyloid joints

A

convex oval-shaped bony projection articulates with an oval-shaped depression or another bone & are biaxial

116
Q

definition of saddle joints

A

a modified condyloid joint with a greater degree of freedom

117
Q

definition of ball & socket joints

A

allows for movement in all planes & axes of movement

118
Q

definition of a syssacose

A

a fake joint consisting of a gliding space between a bone & muscle or two muscles

119
Q

what are the types of muscles?

A

smooth, cardiac, & skeletal

120
Q

definition of cardiac muscle

A

striated & involuntary muscles found in the heart

121
Q

definition of skeletal muscles

A

striated & voluntary muscle responsible for maintaining posture, balance, & stability; participates in thermoregulation

122
Q

definition of electrical excitability

A

ability to respond to an action potential

123
Q

definition of contractility

A

ability to forcefully contract when stimulated by an action potential

124
Q

definition of extensibility

A

ability to be stretched without damage

125
Q

definition of elasticity

A

ability to recover back to initial length after being contracted or stretched

126
Q

types of fascia

A

superficial & deep fascia

127
Q

definition of superficial fascia

A

connective tissue separating muscle from skin or fat

128
Q

definition of deep fascia

A

layer of connective tissue that covers a group of muscles with similar functions

129
Q

definition of epimysium

A

superficial layer of connective tissue used to recover an individual muscle

130
Q

definition of perimysium

A

muscle composed of a bundle of muscle fibres & separated bundles from one another

131
Q

definition of endomysium

A

deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers

132
Q

how many bones are in the adult human body?

A

206 bones

133
Q

what are the two types of skeleton in the human body?

A

the axial & appendicular skeletons

134
Q

how many bones are in the axial & appendicular skeleton?

A

axial: 80 bones
appendicular: 126 bones

135
Q

what regions of the body make up the axial skeleton?

A

the head, neck, & trunk

136
Q

what regions of the body make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

the upper & lower limbs/extremities

137
Q

what are the 3 characteristics used to name muscles?

A
  1. muscle appearance
  2. muscle location
  3. muscle function/action
138
Q

definition of prime movers/agonist muscles

A

main muscles responsible for producing a specific movement of the body

139
Q

definition of antagonist muscles

A

muscles opposing the action fo prime movers

140
Q

definition of synergists

A

muscles aiding the action of a prime mover

141
Q

definition of origin

A

proximal end of the muscle that remains fixed during muscular contraction

142
Q

definition of insertion

A

distal end of the muscle that is moveable

143
Q

what does the term “chondral” mean?

A

cartilage

APA1313 - Musculoskeletal Anatomy (13 decks)

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