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1
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

mitosis is one divison and meiosis is 2 division
mitosis produce 2 genetically identical daughter cell whereas meiosis produces 4 genetically different cells.
mitosis contains the same number of chromosome as parent cell whereas meiosis only contains half the chromosome.
mitosis are diploid and meiosis are haploid

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2
Q

meiosis involves in how many divisons

A

2

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3
Q

how does meiosis involve in 2 divisions

A

in the first generation, chromosome that carry the same gene pair up (homologous chromosome), These then separate into 2 chromosome

in the next division, chromosome move apart from each other to form a new pair of daughter cell

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4
Q

when does mitosis and meiosis occur after

A

they occur after interphase

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5
Q

what do meiosis result in

A

genetic variation by producing different combination of gamete allelss

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6
Q

genetic variation

A
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7
Q

crossing over

A

during meiosis 1.
homologous chromosome are close to each other for the chromatid of each pair to twist around each other, spliced and rejoin to the other. This can result in new allele combination

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8
Q

independent assortment

A

homologous pair line up random. This randomises the chromosomes end up in each daughter cell

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9
Q

habitat

A

place where an organism lives

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10
Q

community

A

population of different organisms in a habitat

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11
Q

species richness

A

number of species in a community

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12
Q

index of diversity

A

N(N-1) / sum of n(n-1)
N = total number of organisms in the community
n = total number of organisms in a particular species

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13
Q

gene pool

A

all the alleles in the population

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14
Q

allele frequency

A

probability of an allele appearing in the gene pool

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15
Q

hetrozygous

A

Ff

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16
Q

homozygous can be either

A

Homozygous dominant - FF
Homozygous recessive - ff

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17
Q

the frequency of dominant and recessive homozygous would always be

A

homozygous dominant + homozygous recessive = 1

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18
Q

hardy weinberg equation

A

p squared 2 + 2pq + q squared 2 = 1

p squared 2 = homozygous dominant
q sqaured 2 = homozygous recessive

if only either q OR P is given then use p+q =1 to work out the other and then use the hardy weinberg equation

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19
Q

tutipotent

A

differentiate into any cell type

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20
Q

pluripotent

A

differentiate into many cell type
differentiate into all cell except extra embryonic

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21
Q

multipotent

A

differentiate into limited cell type

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22
Q

unipotent

A

differentiate into one cell type

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23
Q

stem cell

A

treats disease as they produce healthy cells needed by the patients and prevent the production of faulty cell, and due to single stem cells keep on dividing which means single treatment has long term impact

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24
Q

ethical issues of embryos

A

destroyed during stem cell collection

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25
Q

ethical issues of foetus

A

foetus must be aborted or miscarried

26
Q

ethical issues of adult bone marrow

A

harvesting adult bone marrow is painful and can be risky for donor

27
Q

induced pluripotent

A

formed from unipotent cell whivch are genetically altered to enable translation of additional in the cells DNA, these behave like a pluripotent cell

28
Q

what does SER

A

synthesises and processes lipids
the look similar to RER but have no ribosomes

29
Q

what does RER

A

folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes

30
Q

ribosomes

A

80s is eukaryotic and 70s is prokaryotic
site where the proteins are translated

31
Q

lysosomes

A

contains digestive enzyme

32
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

process and packages new lipids and proteins
looks more like a wifi

33
Q

centrioles

A

separation of chromosomes

34
Q

structure of prokaryotic cell

A

cytoplasm, plasma membrane, cell wall, pili, mesosomes, chromosomal DNA, flagellum

35
Q

pili

A

hair like structure
help to stick other cells

35
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes condense
nuclear envelope breaks down

36
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell
becomes attached to the spindle by their centromere

37
Q

anaphase

A

centromere divide, seperating each pair of sister chromatid

38
Q

telophase

A

chromatids reaches the opposite poles on the spindle
they uncoil and long
nuclear envelope forms around each groups of chromosomes

39
Q

mitotic index

A

number of cells with visible chromosmes / total number of cells

40
Q

behavioural

A

ways an organisms acts that increases chances of survival

41
Q

physiological

A

proceeses inside a organisms body that in crease its chances of survival

42
Q

anatomical

A

structural features of an organisms body that increases its chance of survival

43
Q

advantages of seedbanks

A

its cheaper to store seeds then fully grown plants
large number of seeds than fully grown plants because they need less plants
seeds can be stored anywhere

44
Q

disadvantages of seedbanks

A

testing the seeds for viability can be expensive and time consuming
may be difficult to collect seeds from plants as they may grow in remote collections

45
Q

xylem cells

A

transports water and mineral ions and also provides support
formed from dead cells
have hallow lumen and have no end walls which allows water and mineral ions to pass through easily
their walls are thickened with lignin
water and mineral ions move into and out of the xylem through pits in the walls where there is no lignin

46
Q

Schlerenchyma

A

made up from dead cells
have hallow lumen and have a end wall
they are also thickened by lignin but have no pits
they have more cellulose

47
Q

ploem

A

arranged in tubes like xylem
contains types of sieve tubes and companion cells
translocation

48
Q

sieve tube in the phloem

A

are living cells and joined end to end.
the seive parts are the end walls which have a lot of holes which allows solutes to pass through
lack of nucleus and lack of other organells means they can survive alone and there is a companion cell for every sieve tube cells

49
Q

companion cells

A

carry the living function for both themselves and their sieve tube elements.

50
Q

starch

A

alpha glucose - amylose and amylopectin
amylose - unbranched chain of alpha glucose, coiled making it compact
amylopectin - branched chain of alpha glucose
starch is insoluble, glycosidic bonding

51
Q

cellulose

A

long, unbranched chains of beta glucose joined by 1-4 glycosidic bond
cellulose chains are straight

52
Q

primary cell wall

A

cellulose microfibrils in a net like struc

53
Q

secondary thickening of the cell wall

A

secondary cell wall is thicker than the normal cell wall as it has more lignin

54
Q

vacuole

A

contains cell sap and surrounds tonoplast.

55
Q

cell wall

A

made up of cellulose

56
Q

captive breeding programme

A

which endagered species are carefully bred to increase genetic diversity and population size

57
Q

genetic diversity is maintained by

A

keeping stud books, prevent interbreeding

58
Q

magnesium ions

A

involved in chlorophyll production

59
Q

nitrate ions

A

supply nitrogen for RNA, DNA, Proteins, Chlorophyll

60
Q

calcium ions

A

are a component of the plant cell wall, they form calcium pectate

biology topic 3 and 4 (10 decks)

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