Upbringing Flashcards
What was the aim in Farrington?
Investigate the influence of family orientated life events on the likely hood of criminal behaviour
What was the design used in Farrington?
Longitudinal survey, conducted over 40 years
Who were the participants in Farrington?
411 boys, aged 8+9 , East London Mainly working class 397 different families, At age 48, 365 were interviewed, (93%)
What was the procedure in Farrington?
Interviews with children, asked on criminal activity
Interviewed parents, mainly mums, once a year, asked on treatment, separation, parenting styles
Interviewed teachers, behaviour at school
Criminal records used, gain info of boys, parents, siblings.
What were the general results in Farrington?
Offences and offenders peaked at 17,
Males (7%) were chronic offenders, counted for half the offences in the study
Shared these characteristics: convicted parent, delinquent sibling, young mother, disrupted family, large family
What were the family orientated findings in Farrington?
Aged 20, 48% convicted fathers also convicted, compared to 19% without.
54% with convicted mothers, 23% without.
Worst offender, large multi-problem families.
What was the conclusion in Farrington?
Offending tends to be concentrated in families, appears to be transmitted from 1 generation to another.
What did Sutherland argue?
Social organisations In Which we socialise determine criminal behaviour. Exposure to criminal norms.
If they encounter more and stronger definitions in favour of law violation than against, they consider crime acceptable.
Explains why crime is higher in some neighbourhoods than others.
What are Sutherland’s 2 core assumptions?
Deviance occurs when people define a certain human situation as an appropriate occasion for violations social norms or criminal law
Definitions of the situation are acquired through an individual’s history or past.
What were some of the 9 principles in which differential association is based in Sutherland?
. Criminal behaviour is learned
. Learned in interaction, other people in communication
. Occurs within intimate personal groups
. Person comes delinquent due to excess of definitions favourable to violation of law
What was the aim of Wilkstrom and Tafel?
To test what factors are the most significant predictors of criminal behaviour
What was the method in Wilkstrom and Tafel?
Q’s sent to 2000,14-15 year olds, state schools in Peterborough, 83% returned. Random sample, 20% of these, for in depth interviews. Kept a diary, note where and how they spent their time
What were the examined explanatory factors in Wilkstrom and Tafel?
Family social position Individual characteristics Social situation Lifestyles and routine activities Community contexts
What were the results in Wilkstrom and Tafel?
Serious offending rare, only 7% did serious theft.
High-frequency offenders, more range, including most serious
Most believed not right to commit crime.
What was the conclusion from Wilkstrom and Tafel?
Youths individual characteristics and individual routines and lifestyles, strongly affected involvement in crime.
Youths with risk factors offender recently:
Weak family, poor parental monitoring, truancy, weak morality, poor self-esteem
Those with lower social class had more risk factors
