Biology

Question 1

What was the method used in Raine?

Answer 1

Quasi, lab, matched pairs

Question 2

What was the aim in Raine?

Answer 2

To discover, using PET scans, whether there are brain abnormalities in murderers who plead NGRI,

Question 3

Who were the participants in Raine?

Answer 3

41 individuals charged with murder or manslaughter
39 men, 2 women
All revered to uni of California,
NGRI reasons were schizophrenia, brain injury, personal disorders.

Question 4

What was the procedure in Raine?

Answer 4

All pps in custody, medicine free for 2 weeks.
All pps injected with glucose tracer. Monitored for 32 mins while completing a continuous performance task.
After 32 mins, pps given a PET scan.

Question 5

What were the results in Raine?

Answer 5

1. Pre-frontal and corpus callosum regulate aggressive behaviour. The glucose found reduced activity for murderers.
2. Abnormal activity in amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus, left lower, right higher in activity.
   Causes loss of control, aggressive behaviour, inability to modify behaviour

Question 6

What were the conclusions from Raine?

Answer 6

Murderers pleading NGRI have significantly different thinking patterns of activity in the brain. The processes which underlie violent behaviour are complex, needing several processes involved

Question 7

What was the aim in Brunner?

Answer 7

Explain behaviour of 5 males in Netherlands affected by a syndrome of borderline retardation and abnormal violent behaviour.

Question 8

What was the method in Brunner?

Answer 8

Case study, correlation

Question 9

What was the sample in Brunner?

Answer 9

5 males all in the same family in the Netherlands

Question 10

What was the procedure in Brunner?

Answer 10

Data collected from analysis over a 24 hour period.

IQ tests

Question 11

What were some results in Brunner?

Answer 11

All affected males had mental retardation, mean IQ, 85, only 1 completed primary school.
Urine tests showed all 5 males lacked enzyme MAOA.
DNA showed in each of the 5 males, point mutation in chromosome X, gene responsible for producing MAOA

Question 12

What’s a possible explanation for the results in Brunner?

Answer 12

MAOA, involved in serotonin, which is a neurotransmitter believed to play important part in aggression and anger.
Gene mutation, lowered MAOA, so impaired serotonin metabolism.

Question 13

What’s the conclusion from Brunner?

Answer 13

Gene mutation can be responsible for aggressive behaviour, leads to criminal behaviour.

Question 14

What was the aim in Wilson and Daly?

Answer 14

Examine gender and age patterns in crime of violence

Question 15

What was the method used in Wilson and Daly?

Answer 15

Snap shot, analysis of police records at one point in time

Question 16

What was the procedure in Wilson and Daly?

Answer 16

Review records of homicidal crimes in Detroit 1972.

Age and sex of perpetrator and victims were analysed.

Question 17

What were results in Wilson and Daly?

Answer 17

Social conflict was the biggest reason for crime with 339 out of 512. Examples are retaliation which was the highest both male and female.
Homicides mostly by young unmarried males.
Most social homicides were retaliation, showing off, jealousy. Most homicide victims were young unmarried male.

Question 18

What are the conclusions from Wilson and Daly?

Answer 18

Wha