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F2 > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

1
Q

Besides arteries blood leaves the heart via _______ that branch repeatedly until they become capillaries.

A

arteries

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2
Q

Carbon dioxide and wastes move from _______ into the blood.

A

tissues

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3
Q

Blood is composed of liquid plasma and _______ elements.

A

cellular

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4
Q

Blood is formed in the bone marrow _______ and lymph nodes.

A

thymus

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5
Q

The cellular elements of blood include

A

▪ Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs)
▪ Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs)
▪ Platelets

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6
Q

What non-cellular part of blood has water and dissolved parts

A

plasma

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7
Q

What non-cellular part of blood has no coagulation factors?

A

serum

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8
Q

How many litres of blood does the human body have?

A

±5

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9
Q

_______ fraction is also known as packed cell volume or PVC.

A

Cellular

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10
Q

What is the normal haematocrit value for males?

A

40 to 50%

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11
Q

_______ or dehydration can result in high haematocrit values. Polycythaemia

A
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12
Q

Blood plasma contains over _______ solutes.

A

100

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13
Q

_______ is one of the plasma proteins found in blood.

A

Albumin

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14
Q

What organic nutrient is found in blood plasma?

A

Glucose

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15
Q

_______ is one of the electrolytes found in blood plasma. Sodium

A
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16
Q

What respiratory gas is found in blood plasma? oxygen

A
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17
Q

A blood tube with no _______ left to stand will coagulate. anti-coagulants

A
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18
Q

Serum is equal to no _______. coagulation factors

A
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19
Q

Plasma is composed of 90% _______. water

A
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20
Q

What colour does plasma become in the presence of haemoglobin? Pink

A
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21
Q

Brown-green plasma may reflect elevated _______ levels. bilirubin

A
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22
Q

Which plasma protein binds T3 and T4? Transthyretin

A
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23
Q

_______ maintains oncotic pressure. Albumin

A
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24
Q

What does haptoglobin bind? Haemoglobin

A
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25
Q

What does transferrin bind? Iron

A
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26
Q

What is the precursor of fibrin? Fibrinogen

A
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27
Q

_______ provides immunity. Immunoglobulins

A
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28
Q

_______ make immunoglobulins. Lymphocytes

A
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29
Q

All plasma proteins except _______ are made in the liver. gamma-globulin

A
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30
Q

_______ disease can lead to less plasma protein

A

causing oedema. Liver

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31
Q

What is the colloidal osmotic pressure? 30 mmHg

A
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32
Q

_______ of plasma proteins results in hypoproteinaenemia. Deficiency

A
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33
Q

Hypoproteinaenemia leads to accumulation of fluid in _______

A

causing oedema. tissues

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34
Q

_______ disease can cause loss of protein in urine (proteinuria). Kidney

A
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35
Q

Kwashiorkor is caused by protein _______. under nutrition

A
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36
Q

Deficiency in fibrinogen and prothrombin can lead to _______. bleeding

A
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37
Q

_______ gamma-globulin can lead to increased infection. Decreased

A
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38
Q

Electrolytes control the amount of _______ in the body. fluids

A
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39
Q

What is the normal range for sodium chloride in the body? 136 - 144 mmol/L

A
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40
Q

_______ bicarbonate keeps blood alkaline. Sodium

A
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41
Q

What is the normal range for glucose in the body? 3

A

5 – 6

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42
Q

What is the normal range for cholesterol in the body? 3

A

7 – 6

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43
Q

_______ is produced by protein metabolism. Urea

A
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44
Q

What is the normal range for urea in the body? 3

A

0 – 7

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45
Q

What is the normal range for uric acid in the body? 0

A

12 – 0

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46
Q

Uric acid is a waste product of _______. purines

A
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47
Q

_______ participate in DNA and RNA formation. Purines

A
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48
Q

_______ stimulates red blood cell production from the stem cell. Factors

A
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49
Q

Which blood cell is a complete cell? WBCs

A
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50
Q

_______ have no nuclei or organelles. RBCs

A
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51
Q

_______ are just cell fragments. Platelets

A
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52
Q

Most blood cells are renewed by cells in the _______. bone marrow

A
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53
Q

What is the normal red blood cell count for males? 4.5 to 6.0 million/cu mm blood

A
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54
Q

High RBC count is called _______. polycythaemia

A
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55
Q

_______ is a condition where there are low RBCs. Anaemia

A
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56
Q

Mature RBCs lose their _______. nucleus

A
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57
Q

The _______ is responsible for keeping the shape of the red blood cell. cytoskeleton

A
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58
Q

_______ binds O2 in the heme group. Haemoglobin

A
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59
Q

Haemoglobin binds some CO2 on _______. globulin

A
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60
Q

Erythrocytes are filled with _______

A

a protein that functions in gas transport. hemoglobin (Hb)

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61
Q

The structural characteristics of erythrocytes contribute to its _______ transport function. gas

A
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62
Q

Discounting water content

A

erythrocytes are more than _______ hemoglobin. 97%

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63
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes? Respiratory gas transport

A
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64
Q

Hemoglobin reversibly binds with _______. oxygen

A
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65
Q

Most oxygen in the blood is bound to _______. hemoglobin

A
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66
Q

_______ is made up of two alpha and two beta chains

A

each bound to a heme group. Globin

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67
Q

Each _______ group bears an atom of iron. heme

A
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68
Q

Iron in the heme group can bind to one _______ molecule. oxygen

A
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69
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport _______ molecules of oxygen. four

A
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70
Q

What is the normal hemoglobin value for males? 12-17 grams/100ml

A
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71
Q

Oxygen binds loosely to hemoglobin

A

forming _______. oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2)

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72
Q

Binding of carbon dioxide to haemoglobin forms _______. carbaminohaemoglobin (HbC02)

A
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73
Q

Immature RBCs are called _______. reticulocyte

A
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74
Q

What percentage of RBCs are reticulocytes? 1%

A
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75
Q

_______ (ESR) is a non-specific measure of inflammation. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

A
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76
Q

Fresh blood needs to be mixed with _______ for ESR. anti-coagulant

A
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77
Q

For an ESR test

A

blood is put into a _______ long calibrated glass tube. 200 mm

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78
Q

During an ESR test

A

RBCs settle due to _______. gravity

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79
Q

The rate of an ESR is measured in _______. mm/hour

A
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80
Q

What is a normal ESR result? 0-20 mm/hr

A
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81
Q

_______ may indicate pregnancy. Increased ESR

A
82
Q

_______ may indicate polycythemia. Decreased ESR

A
83
Q

In the early weeks of embryonic life

A

primitive nucleated RBCs are produced in the _______. yolk sac

84
Q

During the middle trimester of gestation

A

the main organ for RBC production is the _______. liver

85
Q

During the middle trimester of gestation

A

a reasonable number of RBCs are also produced in the _______ and lymph nodes. spleen

86
Q

During the last month of gestation and after birth

A

RBCs are produced exclusively in the _______. bone marrow

87
Q

Until about _______ years old

A

the bone marrow of essentially all bones produces RBCs. 5

88
Q

After about _______ years old

A

the marrow of the long bones

89
Q

After 20 years old

A

most RBCs continue to be produced in the marrow of the _______ bones. membranous

90
Q

A _______ is transformed into a committed cell called the proerythroblast. hemocytoblast

A
91
Q

_______ develop into early erythroblasts. Proerythroblasts

A
92
Q

The developmental pathway of erythrocytes consists of _______ phases. three

A
93
Q

_______ synthesis takes place in early erythroblasts. Ribosome

A
94
Q

_______ accumulation takes place in late erythroblasts and normoblasts. Hemoglobin

A
95
Q

The _______ is ejected from normoblasts to form reticulocytes. nucleus

A
96
Q

Reticulocytes eventually become mature _______. erythrocytes

A
97
Q

90% of _______ (EPO) is produced by the kidneys. Erythropoietin

A
98
Q

10% of erythropoietin is produced in the _______. liver

A
99
Q

When there is a sustained short supply of _______ in the body

A

cells in the kidneys detect levels and release hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). oxygen

100
Q

_______ stimulates the bone marrow to produce RBCs. EPO

A
101
Q

_______ disease can cause anaemia. Kidney

A
102
Q

The total mass of RBCs in the circulatory system is regulated to ensure an adequate number of RBCs to provide sufficient transport of _______. oxygen

A
103
Q

_______ deficiency results in small RBCs (microcytic). Iron

A
104
Q

The daily requirement of iron is _______ mg. 15

A
105
Q

Iron binds to plasma protein _______ and is transported to where it is needed. transferrin

A
106
Q

_______ receptors are found on the membranes of immature RBCs in the bone marrow. Transferrin

A
107
Q

Vitamin _______ is an important substance for RBC formation. B12

A
108
Q

_______ acid is an important substance for RBC formation. Folic

A
109
Q

_______ is an important substance for RBC formation. Erythropoietin

A
110
Q

Folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency causes big (macrocytic) RBCs and anaemia

A

also called _______ anaemia. megaloblastic

111
Q

Megaloblastic anaemia results in RBCs that have a lifespan of _______ days. 40

A
112
Q

Vitamin B12 is absorbed by the _______. small intestine

A
113
Q

_______ (made by the stomach) is required for vitamin B12 absorption. Intrinsic factor

A
114
Q

After absorption

A

vitamin B12 is stored in the _______. liver

115
Q

_______ is required by the bone marrow for RBC production. Vitamin B12

A
116
Q

Vitamin B12 stores are adequate for many _______. years

A
117
Q

_______ anaemia is a type of macrocytic anaemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency due to deficiency of intrinsic factor. Pernicious

A
118
Q

Pernicious anaemia is caused by the inability of the _______ to produce intrinsic factor. stomach

A
119
Q

The RBC generates its ATP exclusively by _______. glycolysis

A
120
Q

An important constituent of the RBC is _______ (2

A

3-DPG). 2

121
Q

DPG reduces the _______ affinity of hemoglobin. O2

A
122
Q

_______ in erythrocytes provides defence against oxidative stress. Glutathione

A
123
Q

The life span of an erythrocyte is _______ days. 100–120

A
124
Q

Old erythrocytes self-destruct in the _______. spleen

A
125
Q

Dying erythrocytes are engulfed by _______. macrophages

A
126
Q

_______ cells of the liver are involved in erythrocyte breakdown. Kupffer

A
127
Q

_______ of the spleen and bone marrow are involved in erythrocyte breakdown. Macrophages

A
128
Q

Heme is degraded to a yellow pigment called _______. bilirubin

A
129
Q

The liver secretes bilirubin into the _______ as bile. intestines

A
130
Q

The intestines metabolize bilirubin into _______. urobilinogen

A
131
Q

The degraded pigment of bilirubin

A

called _______

132
Q

_______ is metabolized into amino acids. Globin

A
133
Q

If _______ excretion fails

A

it accumulates and passes into skin and the whites of the eyes

134
Q

_______ is also known as icterus. Jaundice

A
135
Q

Jaundice can result from excessive _______ rupture. RBC

A
136
Q

_______ diseases like malaria can cause jaundice. Haemolytic

A
137
Q

Jaundice is also common in _______ babies. newborn

A
138
Q

In newborn babies

A

bilirubin can enter the nervous system and cause damage to the _______

139
Q

_______ hepatitis can cause jaundice. Infective

A
140
Q

If the _______ cannot excrete bilirubin from the blood into bile

A

it can cause jaundice. liver

141
Q

_______ of the bile duct by gallstones can cause jaundice. Obstruction

A
142
Q

Obstruction of the bile duct prevents the transport of _______ from the liver to the duodenum. bile

A
143
Q

_______ of bilirubin into the blood can cause jaundice. Reabsorption

A
144
Q

_______ is a treatment for jaundice that uses light to lower bilirubin levels in a baby’s blood. Phototherapy

A
145
Q

Phototherapy works by adding _______ to bilirubin so it dissolves easily in water. oxygen

A
146
Q

What is the normal total white blood cell count? 4 to 11 x10 9 cells/l

A
147
Q

_______ are less numerous than RBCs. Leukocytes

A
148
Q

Leukocytes make up _______ of the total blood volume. 1%

A
149
Q

Leukocytes can leave capillaries via _______. diapedesis

A
150
Q

_______ is a condition where the WBC count is over 11

A

000 cells/ul. Leucocytosis

151
Q

Leucocytosis is a normal response to _______ or viral invasion. bacterial

A
152
Q

_______ is a condition where the WBC count is low. Leucopenia

A
153
Q

_______ is the movement of cells towards the site of inflammation.Chemotaxis

A
154
Q

Bacterial or viral _______ can cause chemotaxis. toxins

A
155
Q

Degenerative products of _______ can cause chemotaxis. inflamed tissues

A
156
Q

Reaction products of the “_______ complex” activated in inflamed tissues can cause chemotaxis. complement

A
157
Q

Reaction products caused by _______ clotting in the inflamed area can cause chemotaxis. plasma

A
158
Q

The three types of granulocytes are neutrophils

A

_______

159
Q

Granulocytes have _______ nuclei. lobed

A
160
Q

All granulocytes are _______ cells. phagocytic

A
161
Q

_______ are phagocytic cells that indicate a bacterial infection. Neutrophils

A
162
Q

_______ is composed of dead neutrophils. Puss

A
163
Q

What percentage of WBCs are neutrophils? 55 - 70%

A
164
Q

What is the normal range for neutrophils in the blood? 1

A

950 to 8

165
Q

_______ account for 2 - 8% of WBCs. Eosinophils

A
166
Q

What is the normal range for eosinophils in the blood? 12 to 760/ul

A
167
Q

Eosinophils have _______ nuclei connected via a broad band of nuclear material. bilobed

A
168
Q

_______ lead the body’s counterattack against parasitic and virus infection. Eosinophils

A
169
Q

Eosinophils lessen the severity of _______ by phagocytizing immune complexes. allergies

A
170
Q

Eosinophils kill parasites by releasing _______ enzymes from their granules. hydrolytic

A
171
Q

Eosinophils release highly reactive forms of _______ that are lethal to parasites. oxygen

A
172
Q

Eosinophils release a highly larvicidal polypeptide called _______ from their granules. major basic protein

A
173
Q

Eosinophils collect in tissues in which _______ reactions occur. allergic

A
174
Q

_______ detoxify some of the inflammation-inducing substances released by mast cells and basophils. Eosinophils

A
175
Q

What is the normal range for basophils in the blood? 12 to 200/ul

A
176
Q

Basophils account for _______ of WBCs. 0.5%

A
177
Q

_______ have U- or S-shaped nuclei with two or three conspicuous constrictions. Basophils

A
178
Q

_______ granules contain histamine

A

heparin

179
Q

_______ is an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs. Histamine

A
180
Q

_______ counter the effects of histamine. Antihistamines

A
181
Q

_______ is a substance that can prevent blood coagulation. Heparin

A
182
Q

Agranulocytes lack visible _______ granules. cytoplasmic

A
183
Q

Lymphocytes have _______ nuclei. spherical

A
184
Q

Monocytes have _______ nuclei. kidney-shaped

A
185
Q

What is the normal range for monocytes in the blood? 24 to 960/ul

A
186
Q

_______ are the circulating precursors for macrophages. Monocytes

A
187
Q

What is the normal range for lymphocytes in the blood? 660 to 4

A

600/ul

188
Q

Lymphocytes account for _______ of WBCs. 25 - 45%

A
189
Q

_______ acts as an autocrine and paracrine growth factor for lymphocytes. IL-2

A
190
Q

Lymphocytes are found mostly in _______ tissue. lymphoid

A
191
Q

The two types of lymphocytes are _______ cells and B cells. T

A
192
Q

T cells function in _______ immunity. cell-mediated

A
193
Q

B cells give rise to _______ cells. plasma

A
194
Q

Plasma cells produce _______. antibodies

A
195
Q

_______ immunity is also known as humoral immunity. Antibody

A
196
Q

The stem cell for platelets is the _______. hemocytoblast

A
197
Q

The sequential developmental pathway of platelets is hemocytoblast

A

_______

198
Q

Platelets are fragments of _______. megakaryocytes

A
199
Q

What is the normal range for platelets in the blood? 150

A

000 to 350

200
Q

How long do platelets live? 9 – 12 days

A
201
Q

Platelets function by rapidly binding to damaged _______. blood vessels

A

F2 (7 decks)

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