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F2 > Electrocardiogram > Flashcards

Electrocardiogram Flashcards

1
Q

An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a measure of the heart’s _______ activity.

A

electrical

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2
Q

_______ placed on the skin surface are used to measure heart activity.

A

Electrodes

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3
Q

Body fluids and _______ conduct electrical activity from the heart to the skin.

A

tissue

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4
Q

An ECG measures the sum of multiple _______ _______ taking place in many heart muscle cells.

A

action potentials

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5
Q

A ventricular action potential has a voltage change of _______ while an ECG signal has an amplitude of only _______ by the time it reaches the body surface.

A

110 mV
1mV

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6
Q

The direction of the ECG trace reflects only the direction of the _______ _______ relative to the axis of the lead.

A

current flow

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7
Q

_______ are deflections above or below the baseline on an ECG and represent depolarisation and repolarisation.

A

Waves

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8
Q

_______ are sections of the baseline between two waves on an ECG.

A

Segments

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9
Q

_______ are combinations of waves and segments on an ECG.

A

Intervals

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10
Q

The _______ wave represents depolarisation of the atria.

A

P

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11
Q

The ________ Interval represents depolarisation of the SA node, atria, AV
node, AV bundle and branches

A

PQ/PR

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12
Q

The _______ segment represents depolarisation of the AV node and AV bundle and bundle branches.

A

PR

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13
Q

The _______ complex represents depolarisation of the ventricles.

A

QRS

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14
Q

The _______ wave represents repolarisation of the ventricles.

A

T

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15
Q

The _______ segment represents phase 2 of the action potential (plateau phase).

A

ST

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16
Q

The _______ Interval represents the time required for depolarisation and repolarisation of the ventricles.

A

QT

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17
Q

The _______ wave represents repolarisation of the papillary muscles.

A

U

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18
Q

Depolarization triggers _______.

A

contraction

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19
Q

Mechanical events of the heart (contraction and relaxation) lag slightly behind the _______.

A

ECG

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20
Q

Heart rate on an ECG can be measured from the peak of one _______ to the peak of the next _______.

A

R-wave
R-wave

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21
Q

Normal resting heart rate (HR) is _______ - _______ beats/min.

A

60
100

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22
Q

_______ is a faster than normal heart rate.

_______ is a slower than normal heart rate.

A

Tachycardia

Bradycardia

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23
Q

In a normal heart rhythm the _______ node is the pacemaker

A

.SA

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24
Q

In a normal heart rhythm each _______ is followed by a _______ complex.

A

P-wave

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25
Q

In a normal heart rhythm the _______ and _______ intervals are normal.

A

P-R

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26
Q

In a normal heart rhythm the _______ interval is regular.

A

R-R

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27
Q

An _______ is an abnormal/irregular heart rhythm.

A

arrhythmia

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28
Q

Atrial fibrillation occurs when the _______ node has lost control of pacemaking.

A

SA

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29
Q

To check for normal waves on an ECG

A

ensure there is a _______

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30
Q

To check for normal segments on an ECG ensure the _______ segment is constant in length.

A

P-R

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31
Q

During late diastole (Phase 1 of the cardiac cycle) the _______ valves are open

A

AV

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32
Q

The _______ wave on an ECG corresponds to atrial systole (Phase 2 of the cardiac cycle).

A

P

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33
Q

The _______ complex on an ECG corresponds to isovolumic ventricular contraction (Phase 3 of the cardiac cycle).

A

QRS

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34
Q

The first heart sound _______

A

“lub” (S1)

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35
Q

During ventricular ejection (Phase 4 of the cardiac cycle) the _______ valves are closed

A
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36
Q

The _______ segment on an ECG corresponds to ventricular ejection.

A

ST

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37
Q

The second heart sound

A

“dub” (S2)

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38
Q

The _______ wave on an ECG corresponds to isovolumic ventricular relaxation (Phase 5 of the cardiac cycle).

A

T

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39
Q

During isovolumic ventricular relaxation both the _______ and _______ valves are closed.

A

AV

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40
Q

An ECG is the sum of _______ _______.

_______ events of the heart lag slightly behind electrical events.

A

action potentials
Mechanical

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41
Q

The _______ can be correlated with the cardiac cycle.

A

ECG

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42
Q

The _______ wave represents atrial _______.

A

P
depolarization

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43
Q

The _______ complex represents ventricular _______.

A

QRS
depolarization

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44
Q

The _______ wave represents ventricular _______.

A

T
repolarization

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45
Q

The _______ segment represents the plateau phase of ventricular _______.

A

ST
repolarization

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46
Q

The _______ interval represents the time for both ventricular _______ and _______.

A

QT
depolarization

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47
Q

The _______ wave is sometimes seen and represents _______ of the papillary muscles.

A

U
repolarization

48
Q

A _______ heart rate is called tachycardia.

A

Fast

49
Q

A _______ heart rate is called bradycardia.

A

Slow

50
Q

The _______ node is the normal pacemaker of the heart.

A

SA (sinoatrial)

51
Q

An irregular heart rhythm is called an _______.

A

arrhythmia

52
Q

Atrial fibrillation is an example of an _______ where the SA node is no longer controlling the heart rate.

A

arrhythmia

53
Q

The _______ wave should be followed by a QRS complex in a normal rhythm.

A

P

54
Q

The _______ and _______ intervals should be consistent in a normal rhythm.

A

PR
QT

55
Q

The _______ interval should be regular in a normal rhythm.
_______ events like contraction follow slightly after the electrical events seen on the ECG.

A

R

Mechanical

56
Q

The _______ and _______ valves are open during late diastole.

A

tricuspid
mitral (AV valves)

57
Q

The _______ and _______ valves are closed during late diastole.

A

pulmonary
aortic (semilunar valves)

58
Q

Atrial contraction occurs during the _______ wave on the ECG.

A

P

59
Q

The _______ and _______ valves are closed during isovolumic ventricular contraction.

A

tricuspid
mitral (AV valves)

60
Q

The _______ and _______ valves are closed during isovolumic ventricular contraction.

A

pulmonary
aortic (semilunar valves)

61
Q

The first heart sound

A

S1~ lub

62
Q

The _______ and _______ valves are open during ventricular ejection.

A

pulmonary
aortic (semilunar valves)

63
Q

The _______ and _______ valves are closed during ventricular ejection.

A

tricuspid
mitral (AV valves)

64
Q

The second heart sound

A

S2~ dub

65
Q

The _______ and _______ valves are closed during isovolumic ventricular relaxation.

A

tricuspid
mitral (AV valves)

66
Q

The _______ and _______ valves are closed during isovolumic ventricular relaxation.

A

pulmonary
aortic (semilunar valves)

67
Q

The ECG is a recording of the _______ activity of the heart.

A

electrical

68
Q

The ECG is obtained by placing _______ on the skin.

A

electrodes

69
Q

The ECG signal is conducted from the heart to the skin through body _______ and _______.

A

fluids
tissues

70
Q

Each wave on the ECG represents a specific _______ event in the heart.

A

electrical

71
Q

The _______ wave represents atrial depolarization.

A

P

72
Q

The _______ interval represents the time it takes for the electrical impulse to travel from the SA node to the ventricles.

A

PR

73
Q

The _______ complex represents ventricular depolarization.

A

QRS

74
Q

The _______ wave represents ventricular repolarization.

A

T

75
Q

The _______ segment represents the period between ventricular depolarization and repolarization.

A

ST

76
Q

The _______ interval represents the total time for ventricular depolarization and repolarization.

A

QT

77
Q

The heart rate can be calculated by measuring the distance between two consecutive _______ waves.

A

R

78
Q

A heart rate faster than 100 beats per minute is called _______.

A

tachycardia

79
Q

A heart rate slower than 60 beats per minute is called _______.

A

bradycardia

80
Q

The normal rhythm of the heart is called _______ rhythm.

A

sinus

81
Q

An abnormal heart rhythm is called an _______.

Atrial fibrillation is a type of _______ in which the atria quiver instead of contracting effectively.

A

arrhythmia

arrhythmia

82
Q

The ECG can be used to diagnose a variety of heart conditions

A

including _______

83
Q

The ECG provides information about the _______ of the heart but not the _______ of the heart. [Implied from the information on electrical activity and the separation of mechanical and electrical events.]

A

electrical activity

84
Q

The _______ diagram shows the relationship between the ECG

A

heart sounds

85
Q

The _______ wave on the ECG coincides with the closing of the AV valves.

A

QRS

86
Q

The _______ sound (S1) is heard when the AV valves close.

A

first

87
Q

The _______ segment on the ECG corresponds to the time when the ventricles are contracting and ejecting blood.

A

ST

88
Q

The _______ wave on the ECG coincides with the closing of the semilunar valves.

A

first

89
Q

The _______ sound (S2) is heard when the semilunar valves close.

The _______ is the period of time between the end of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next. [Implied as it is a fundamental concept related to ECG and heart rate.]

A

second
cardiac cycle

90
Q

The _______ node initiates the electrical impulse that spreads through the atria causing them to depolarize.

A

SA (sinoatrial)

91
Q

The _______ node delays the electrical impulse allowing the atria to contract fully before the ventricles depolarize.

A

AV (atrioventricular)

92
Q

The _______ bundle and its branches conduct the electrical impulse to the ventricles causing them to depolarize.

A

His

93
Q

The _______ fibers spread the electrical impulse throughout the ventricles ensuring a coordinated contraction

A

Purkinje

94
Q

The ECG can be used to monitor the heart rhythm during _______ and _______.

A

surgery
exercise

95
Q

The ECG can be used to assess the effectiveness of _______ such as antiarrhythmic drugs.

A

medications

96
Q

An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart from different angles called _______.

A

leads

97
Q

The standard 12-lead ECG provides a _______ view of the heart’s electrical activity.

A

comprehensive

98
Q

Each lead on the ECG has a specific _______ and _______ on the body.

A

location
polarity

99
Q

The _______ of the ECG tracing can vary depending on the lead being viewed.

A

appearance

100
Q

The ECG can be used to detect _______ which is a lack of blood flow to the heart muscle.

A

ischemia

101
Q

The ECG can be used to diagnose _______ which is a heart attack.

A

myocardial infarction

102
Q

The P wave on the ECG represents the _______ of the atria. Answer: Depolarization

A
103
Q

The QRS complex on the ECG represents the _______ of the ventricles. Answer: Depolarization The T wave on the ECG represents the _______ of the ventricles. Answer: Repolarization

A
104
Q

The PR interval on the ECG represents the time it takes for the electrical impulse to travel from the _______ node to the _______. Answer: SA

A

ventricles

105
Q

The ST segment on the ECG represents the period between ventricular _______ and _______. Answer: Depolarization

A

repolarization

106
Q

The QT interval on the ECG represents the total time for ventricular _______ and _______. Answer: Depolarization

A

repolarization

107
Q

A normal heart rate is between _______ and _______ beats per minute. Answer: 60

A

100

108
Q

The _______ node is the natural pacemaker of the heart.

A

SA

109
Q

The Wiggers diagram shows the relationship between the ECG

A

_______

110
Q

The _______ wave on the ECG coincides with the closing of the AV valves.

A

QRS

111
Q

The _______ sound is heard when the AV valves close.

The _______ segment on the ECG corresponds to the time when the ventricles are contracting and ejecting blood.

A

First (S1)
ST

112
Q

The _______ wave on the ECG coincides with the closing of the semilunar valves.

A

T

113
Q

The _______ sound is heard when the semilunar valves close.

A

Second (S2)

114
Q

Why is there no cost wave for atrial repolarisation

A

Because atrial repolarisation occurs at the same time as ventricular depolarisation . It is incorporated in the QRS COMPLEX

115
Q

When is the heart electrically quiet

A

During the TP SEGMENT

F2 (7 decks)

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